Secretary of State for the Southern Department
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| Great Britain Secretary of State for the Southern Department | |
|---|---|
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| The Southern Department | |
| Style | The Right Honourable (formal prefix) |
| Member of | British Cabinet |
| Seat | Westminster, London |
| Appointer | The British monarch on advice of the prime minister |
| Term length | No fixed term |
| Formation | 1660–1782 |
| First holder | Edward Nicholas |
| Final holder | Wills Hill, 1st Earl of Hillsborough |
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The secretary of state for the Southern Department[1] was a position in the cabinet of the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain up to 1782, when the Southern Department became the Home Office.[2][3]
History
Before 1782, the responsibilities of the two British secretaries of state for the Northern and the Southern departments were divided not based on the principles of modern ministerial divisions, but geographically. The secretary of state for the Southern Department was responsible for Ireland, the Channel Islands, France, Spain, Portugal, the Old Swiss Confederacy, the states of Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. He was also responsible for the American colonies until 1768, when the charge was given to the secretary of state for the colonies. The secretary of state for the Northern Department was responsible for relations with the Dutch Republic, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Domestic responsibilities in England and Wales were shared between the two Secretaries. After the union with Scotland in 1707, the two secretaries also took responsibility for Scotland when there was no secretary of state for Scotland in office.[4]
Until 1706, the practice was generally for the senior official to lead the Southern Department, and the junior the Northern Department, with the Northern Secretary being transferred to the Southern Department when a vacancy arose at the latter.[4] During the reigns of George I and George II, however, the Northern Department began to be seen as the more important, since its responsibilities included the monarchs' ancestral home of Hanover.[5] During the reign of George III, the two departments were of approximately equal importance.[6]
In 1782, the two secretaries of state were reformed as the secretary of state for the Home Department and the secretary of state for foreign affairs.[7]
List of southern secretaries
See also
Notes
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- ^ Returned as MP for Callington from 1661 to 1665; thereafter raised to the peerage of England as Baron Arlington, and created Earl of Arlington in 1672.
- ^ Served as sole Secretary of State from June to December 1690; again from March 1692 to March 1693.
- ^ Served as sole Secretary of State from November to March 1694.
- ^ Acting Secretary of State for the Southern Department.
- ^ Acting Secretary of State for the Southern Department from June to November 1700; official appointment from 5 November 1700.
- ^ Returned as MP for Calne from 1702 to 1705; thereafter returned as MP for West Looe from 1705 to 1713.
- ^ Returned as MP for Wendover from March 1715 to 1715; thereafter returned as MP for Cockermouth from 1715 to 1717.
- ^ Acting Secretary of State for the Southern Department from May to December 1723; official appointment from 12 December 1716.
- ^ In February 1746 John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville held office for two days, however as the formalities of his appointment were not completed sources typically do not include him as a Southern Secretary.
- ^ Served as sole Secretary of State.
- ^ Served as sole Secretary of State from March to October 1799.
Citations
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Constantine, Stephen (2009). Community and Identity: The Making of Modern Gibraltar Since 1704. Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780719080548.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.FCO Historians (April 1991). "The FCO: Policy, People and Places (1782–1995)". History Notes (2). Foreign and Commonwealth Office: 1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The National Archives' catalogue: Records assembled by the State Paper Office, including papers of the Secretaries of State up to 1782". The National Archives.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomson, Mark A. (1932). The Secretaries of State: 1681–1782. London: Frank Cass. pp. 2–3.
- ^ Cass (1932), pp. 21–22
- ^ Cass (1932), p. 4
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sainty, J. C. (1973). "Introduction". Office-Holders in Modern Britain. Vol. 2: Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660–1782. University of London. pp. 1–21 – via British History Online.
At the Restoration [in 1660] the practice of appointing two Secretaries of State, which was well established before the Civil War, was resumed. Apart from the modifications which were made necessary by the occasional existence of a third secretaryship, the organisation of the secretariat underwent no fundamental change from that time until the reforms of 1782 which resulted in the emergence of the Home and Foreign departments. ... English domestic affairs remained the responsibility of both Secretaries throughout the period. In the field of foreign affairs there was a division into a Northern and a Southern Department, each of which was the responsibility of one Secretary. The distinction between the two departments emerged only gradually. It was not until after 1689 that their names passed into general currency. Nevertheless the division of foreign business itself can, in its broad outlines, be detected in the early years of the reign of Charles II.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sainty, ed: J.C. (1974). Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 2, Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660-1782. University of London. pp. 22–58.
- ^ 'Lists of appointments', in Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 2, Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660–1782, ed. J C Sainty (London, 1973), pp. 22-58. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol2/pp22-58 [accessed 18 July 2017].
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baron, Sabrina Alcorn; Thrush, Andrew. "NICHOLAS, Edward (1593-1669), of Dover Castle, Kent and King Street, Westminster; later of West Horsley, Surr". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ferris, John. P. "BENNET, Sir Henry (1618-85)". History of Parliament Online. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rowlands, Edward. "COVENTRY, Hon. Henry (c.1618-86), of Piccadilly Hall, The Haymarket, Westminster and West Bailey Lodge, Enfield, Mdx". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henning, Basil Duke. "JENKINS, Sir Leoline (c.1625-85), of Jesus College, Oxford and Hammersmith, Mdx". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henning, Basil Duke. "MIDDLETON, Charles, 2nd Earl of Middleton [S]. (c.1650-1719)". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ferris, John. P. "FINCH, Daniel (1647-1730), of Kensington, Mdx and Milton Ernest, Beds". History of Parliament Online. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ferris, John. P. "TRENCHARD, John (1649-95), of the Middle Temple". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ferris, John. P. "VERNON, James (1646-1727), of Frith Street, Westminster". History of Parliament Online. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Handley, Stuart. "HEDGES, Sir Charles (1650-1714), of Richmond, Surr.; Compton Bassett, Wilts.; and St. James's Park, Westminster". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Handley, Stuart. "SPENCER, Charles, Lord Spencer (1675-1722)". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Handley, Stuart. "ST. JOHN, Henry II (1678-1752), of Bucklebury, Berks". History of Parliament Online. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Handley, Stuart. "STANHOPE, James (1673-1721), of London". History of Parliament Online. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Seghwick, Romney R. "METHUEN, Paul (c.1672-1757), of Bishops Cannings, Wilts". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lea, R. S. "ADDISON, Joseph (1672-1719), of Bilton, Warws. and Holland House, Kensington". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Segwick, Romney R. "CRAGGS, James (1686-1721)". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sedgwick, Romney R. "ROBINSON, Thomas (1695-1770), of Newby, Yorks". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Namier, Sir Lewis. "FOX, Henry (1705-74), of Holland House, Kensington". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brooke, John. "PITT, William (1708-78), of Hayes, Kent". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cruickshanks, Eveline. "WYNDHAM, Charles (1710-63), of Orchard Wyndham, Som". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brooke, John. "CONWAY, Hon. Henry Seymour (1719-95), of Park Place, Berks". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Namier, Sir Lewis. "PETTY, William, Visct. Fitzmaurice (1737-1805), of Bowood, Wilts". History of Parliament Online. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brooke, John. "HILL, Wills, 1st Earl of Hillsborough [I] (1718-93), of North Aston, Oxon". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
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