Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language
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The Salish or Séliš language (/ˈseɪlɪʃ/ Script error: No such module "Respell".), also known as Kalispel–Pend d'oreille, Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead, or Montana Salish to distinguish it from other Salishan languages, is a Salishan language spoken (as of 2005) by about 64 elders of the Flathead Nation in north central Montana and of the Kalispel Indian Reservation in northeastern Washington state, and by another 50 elders (as of 2000) of the Spokane Indian Reservation of Washington. As of 2012, Salish is "critically endangered" in Montana and Idaho according to UNESCO.[3]
Dialects are spoken by the Spokane (Npoqínišcn), Kalispel (Qalispé), Pend d'Oreilles, and Bitterroot Salish (Séliš). The total ethnic population was 8,000 in 1977, but most have switched to English.
As is the case of many other languages of northern North America, Salish is polysynthetic; like other languages of the Mosan language area, it does not make a clear distinction between nouns and verbs. Salish is famous[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">according to whom?] for native translations that treat all lexical Salish words as verbs or clauses in English—for instance, translating a two-word Salish clause that would appear to mean "I-killed a-deer" into English as I killed it. It was a deer.
Language revitalization
Salish is taught at the Nkwusm Salish Immersion School, in Arlee, Montana.[4][5][6][7] Public schools in Kalispell, Montana, offer language classes, a language nest, and intensive training for adults.[8] An online Salish Language Tutor and online Kalispel Salish curriculum are available.[9][10] A dictionary, Seliš nyoʔnuntn: Medicine for the Salish Language, was expanded from 186 to 816 pages in 2009;[11] children's books and language CDs are also available.[12]
Salish Kootenai College offers Salish language courses, and trains Salish language teachers at its Native American Language Teacher Training Institute as a part of its ongoing efforts to preserve the language.[13][14] As of May 2013, the organization Yoyoot Skʷkʷimlt ("Strong Young People") is teaching language classes in high schools.[15]
Salish-language Christmas carols are popular for children's holiday programs, which have been broadcast over the Salish Kootenai College television station,[16] and Salish-language karaoke has become popular at the annual Celebrating Salish Conference, held in Spokane, Washington.[17][18] As of 2013, many signs on U.S. Route 93 in the Flathead Indian Reservation were including the historic Salish and Kutenai names for towns, rivers, and streams, and the Missoula City Council was seeking input from the Salish-Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee regarding appropriate Salish-language signage for the city of Missoula.[19]
Phonology
Salish
Vowels
Salish has five vowels, Script error: No such module "IPA"., plus an epenthetic schwa Script error: No such module "IPA". which occurs between an obstruent and a sonorant consonant, or between two unlike sonorants. Differences in glottalization do not cause epenthesis, and in long sequences not all pairs are separated, for example in Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA". "tale", Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA". "red raspberry", and Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA". "toilet". No word may begin with a vowel.
Consonants
Salish has pharyngeal consonants, which are rare worldwide and uncommon but not unusual in the Mosan Sprachbund to which Salish belongs. It is also unusual in lacking a simple lateral approximant and simple velar consonants (Script error: No such module "IPA". only occurs in loanwords), though again this is known elsewhere in the Mosan area.
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | labial | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||||
| Plosive | plain | p | t | ts | tʃ | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼʷ | qʼ | qʼʷ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | |||||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | l | j | w | ʕ | ʕʷ | ||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ˀl | ˀj | ˀw | ˀʕ | ˀʕʷ | |||||
Salish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative sequences. For example, Script error: No such module "IPA". "tender, sore" has a sequence of two affricates, whereas Script error: No such module "IPA". "killdeer" has a tee-esh sequence. All stop consonants are clearly released, even in clusters or word-finally. Though they are generally not aspirated, aspiration often occurs before obstruents and epenthetic schwas before sonorants. For example, the word Script error: No such module "IPA". "a fat little belly" is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".; likewise, Script error: No such module "IPA". "woodtick" is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA". is Script error: No such module "IPA"..
The lateral approximant Script error: No such module "IPA". and fricative Script error: No such module "IPA". are typically prestopped. The fricative is therefore commonly realized as Script error: No such module "IPA"., and the approximant as Script error: No such module "IPA".; the latter may also be fricated as Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"., making it quite phonetically similar to the fricative in those contexts.[20]
Spokane
Vowels
Spokane vowels show five contrasts: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., but almost all examples of Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are lowered from Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., respectively, when those precede uvulars, or precede or follow pharyngeals. Unstressed vowels are inserted to break up certain consonant clusters, with the vowel quality determined by the adjacent consonants. The epenthetic vowel is often realized as Script error: No such module "IPA"., but also Script error: No such module "IPA". before rounded uvulars, and Script error: No such module "IPA". before alveolars and palatals.[21]
Consonants
The consonant inventory of Spokane differs from Salish somewhat, including plain and glottalized central alveolar approximants Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., and a uvular series instead of post-velar.[21]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Labio- velar |
Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | plain | labial | ||||||
| Plosive | plain | p | t | ts | tʃ | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | |||||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | j | w | ʕ | ʕʷ | |||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ˀl | ˀj | ˀw | ˀʕ | ˀʕʷ | |||||
| Rhotic | plain | ɹ | ||||||||||
| glottal. | ˀɹ | |||||||||||
Stress
Spokane words are polysynthetic, typically based on roots with CVC(C) structure, plus many affixes. There is one main stress in each word, though the location of stress is determined in a complex way (Black 1996).[21][22]
Morphology
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Given its polysynthetic nature, Salish-Spokane-Kalispel encodes meaning in single morphemes rather than lexical items. In the Spokane dialect specifically, the morphemes ¬–nt and –el', denote transitivity and intransitivity, respectively. Meaning, they show whether or not a verb takes a direct object or it does not. For example, in (1) and (2), the single morphemes illustrate these properties rather than it being encoded in the verb as it is in English.
Something that is unique to the Spokane dialect is the SUCCESS aspect morpheme: -nu.[23] The SUCCESS marker allows the denotation that the act took more effort than it normally would otherwise. In (3) and (4) we can see this particular transformation.
The SUCCESS aspect and an OUT-OF-CONTROL morpheme reduplication, found in other Native languages, are commonly found together in Spokane Salish. An OUT-OF-CONTROL reduplication morpheme denotes that the action was done by accident. Below, (5), (6) and (7) exemplify this.
The intransitive morpheme that describes extra effort is –el'. Barry Carlson states that:
"Spokane intransitive success forms, created with -el', emphasize that a subject's control requires extra effort in an event and they focus the duration of this effort well before the event beginning. This makes the predication a result. Thus, their true meaning can only be seen in a larger context."
That is to say, that for intransitive instances it is context driven and therefore extra context is needed in order to use the morpheme –el'. Example (8) derived from (1) illustrates this:
References
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- ^ a b Flathead at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Spokane at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lewis, Paul. "Endangered Languages - Salish-Spokane-Kalispel". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ Template:Cite UNESCO Atlas
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kim Briggeman (2012-09-02). "School keeping Salish language thriving in new generation". The Missoulian. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ratledge, Mark (2009-07-07). "Nkwusm works to preserve Salish language". Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sakariassen, Alex (2014-03-20). "A loss for words". Missoula Independent: Features. Archived from the original on 2014-04-22. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
- ^ Martin, Amy. "Montana Offers A Boost To Native Language Immersion Programs" All Things Considered. NPR. May 2, 2015. Accessed May 3, 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Language". Kalispel Tribe. Archived from the original on 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Language Software". Story Teller. Archived from the original on 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Language Curriculum". Kalispel Tribe. Archived from the original on 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cederberg, Jenna (2009-01-10). "Salish language dictionary expands from 186 pages to 816". The Buffalo Post, a news blog about Native people and the world we live in, at The Missoulian newspaper. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nkwusm - Salish Language Merchandise". Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brooks Johnson (2012-12-06). "Beyond Belief". Missoula Independent. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."New Push Begins To Save Salish Language". Canku Ota. 8 (4). 2010-04-01. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schilling, Vincent (2013-05-11). "Language Preservation Made Vance Home Gun a Champion for Change". Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Valley Journal: Translating tradition: Salish language accents Arlee holiday concert". Valley Journal. Ronan, Mont. 2011-12-21. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."2013 Celebrating Salish Conference". Kalispel Tribe. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hval, Cindy (2013-03-14). "Tribes keep language alive : Recent conference led by the Kalispels draws hundreds of participants". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Wash. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Devlin, Vince (2013-10-15). "Missoula councilors seek tribal elders' help for 'wayfinding' signs". Ravalli Republic. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flemming, Edward; Ladefoged, Peter; Thomason, Sarah (2008) [1994]. "Phonetic structures of Montana Salish" (PDF). Journal of Phonetics. 36 (3): 465–491. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2007.10.002. ISSN 0095-4470.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Esling, John H.; Carlson, Barry F. (December 2000). "Spokane". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 30 (1–2): 97–102. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006708. ISSN 1475-3502. JSTOR 44526877. S2CID 232350027.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Black, Deirdre Jean (1996). The morphological and phonological structures of Spokane lexemes (PhD thesis). University of Victoria.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carlson, Barry (1996). "Situation aspect and a Spokane control morpheme". International Journal of American Linguistics. 62: 59–69. doi:10.1086/466275. S2CID 144257278.
- Carlson, Barry. "Situation aspect and a Spokane control morpheme." International Journal of American Linguistics (1996): 59-69.
Further reading
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- Giorda, Joseph, and Gregory Mengarini. A Dictionary of the Kalispel or Flat-Head Indian Language. [St. Ignatius]: St. Ignatius Print, Montana, 1877. (Information on how its transcription does not fully indicate pronunciation).
- Post, John A., and Brenda J. Speck. An Edition of Father Post's Kalispel Grammar. Missoula: University of Montana, 1980.
- Vogt, Hans. The Kalispel Language, An Outline of the Grammar with Text, Translations and Dictionary. Oslo: I kommisjon hos J. Dybwad, 1940.
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External links
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- Nkwusm Salish Language Revitalization Institute
- Seliš u Qlispé Nuwewlštn, The Salish & Pend d'Oreille Comprehensive, Sequenced Language Curriculum
- Char-Koosta News Salish lessons Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- Salish language, Kalispel Tribe website, written and audio online course
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Salish Language Tutor, Story Teller". Kalispel Tribe. Archived from the original on 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- Seliš Nuwewlštn, A Beginning Course in Salish & Pend d'Oreille Dialect Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Salish Institute, Flashcards, Snʔawʔawtn 2: Level 2, Book 2
- Language of the Kalispel, Gonzaga University
- Spokane Salish Blog
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Flathead, aka Kalispel, Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille, Kalispel-Pend D'oreille". Endangered Languages Project. Archived from the original on 2016-03-17. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
- Salish language books and CDs, from Nkwusm
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Connolly S. J., Thomas E. (1958). Quay-Lem U En-Chow-Men. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
- OLAC resources in and about the Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille language
Vocabulary and dictionaries
- Salish Words Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Salish/Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee
- Sounds of the Kalispel, English-Kalispel
- Learn Spokane Salish Picture Dictionary
- Dictionaries, Language of the Kalispel, 1800s
- English to Salish Dictionary Script error: No such module "webarchive"., 2005
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pete, Tachini (2010). Seliš nyoʔnuntn = Medicine for the Salish language: English to Salish translation dictionary (2nd ed.). Pablo, Mont; Lincoln, Neb.: Salish Kootenai College Press. ISBN 978-1934594063.
- Salish language flashcard decks
Audio
- Salish Audio, Salish-Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee
- Montana Salish (Flathead), UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive
- Flathead-Kalispel language - Audio Bible stories and lessons
Video
- Salish Language Salish Kootenai College
- Nkwusm Salish Language School YouTube channel
- Salish stories, from Seliš Nuwewlštn, A Beginning Course in Salish & Pend d'Oreille Dialect
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