Stable fly
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish".
Script error: No such module "Autotaxobox".| Script error: No such module "Automated taxobox". | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Script error: No such module "Taxobox ranks".: | <div style="display:inline" class="script error: no such module "taxobox ranks".">Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics |
| Binomial name | |
| Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Page Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css has no content.Template:Taxonbar/candidateTemplate:Speciesbox/parameterCheckScript error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Stomoxys calcitrans is known by the common names stable fly, barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, and power mower fly.[1] Unlike most members of the family Muscidae, Stomoxys calcitrans ('sharp mouth' + 'kicking') and others of its genus suck blood from mammals. Now found worldwide, the species is considered to be of Eurasian[2] or African origin.[3]
Physical features
The stable fly resembles the common housefly (Musca domestica), though smaller, and on closer examination has a slightly wider and spotted abdomen.[4] Adults are generally about Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.6–8 mm (1⁄4–5⁄16 inch) in length and a lighter color than the housefly. Unlike the housefly, where the mouth part is adapted for sponging, the stable fly mouth parts have biting structures.[5] An additional distinction from M. domestica is in the aristae, which bear a single, superior row of hairs in S. calcitrans instead of two opposing rows.[6]
Habitat
As its name suggests, the stable fly is abundant in and around where cattle are kept. Its maggots are often seen in the rotting manure near cattle and poultry.[7] It also occurs in coastal areas where larvae may inhabit masses of decaying aquatic vegetation deposited ashore.[3]
Biology
The earliest and one of the most comprehensive accounts of stable fly biology was presented by F. Bishopp in 1913.[2] The adults of both sexes feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals during the daytime. For egg production, the female requires its abdomen to be engorged with blood. The female takes approximately 2–5 minutes to engorge, after which it becomes sluggish for a while. The eggs are laid among putrefying organic materials such as hay, manure, and wood. Males usually die after mating and the females after laying eggs. The life cycle has a duration of about two weeks at temperatures around 27 °C (81 °F). The duration is highly dependent on temperature and nutrient quality available for the larvae. Bishopp (1913) noted that the larvae can endure for more than 30 days in less nutritious environs.[2]
Economic impact
Cattle heavily infested with stable flies have been noted to become anemic and milking cows have been observed to show lower milk production.[8] The stable fly bites humans at rest in the outdoors. In many parts of the world, the species is a carrier of trypanosomid parasites.[9] Some of the reported parasites and diseases for which the stable fly might be a vector include Trypanosoma evansi (the agent of Surra), Trypanosoma brucei, brucellosis, equine infectious anemia, African horse sickness (AHS), Lumpy skin disease (LSD)[10] and fowlpox.[11][12] S. calcitrans is also reported to be a vector of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.[12][13][14]
-
Sucking human blood
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Talley, Justin L. (2008). Management and Characterization of Stable Fly Larval Habitats at Round Bale Feeding Sites in Pastures (PDF) (Thesis). Kansas State University. p. 2. hdl:2097/1072. Retrieved 2009-04-06., citing Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hall, R.D.; Smith, J.P. (1986). "Life history and economic importance of the stable fly". Stable fly biology and control in cattle feedlots. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Publication 86–362–D.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bishopp, F.C. (1913). "The Stable Fly (Stomoxys caclitrans L.) An Important Live Stock Pest". Journal of Economic Entomology. 6 (1): 112–126. doi:10.1093/jee/6.1.112.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fofonoff, P.W.; Ruiz, G.M.; Steves, B.; Hines, A.H.; Carlton, J.T. (2020). "Stomoxys calcitrans". National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System: Chesapeake Bay Introduced Species Database. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Veterinary Entomology". Entomology.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dadour, Ian. "Stable Fly- Farmnote 101/1994". Department of Agriculture and Food. Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Service, Mike (2012). Medical Entomology for Students (Fifth ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 142, 151–153. ISBN 978-1-107-66818-8.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cook, DF; Dadour, IR; Keals, NJ (1999). "Stable fly, house fly (Diptera: Muscidae), and other nuisance fly development in poultry litter associated with horticultural crop production". Journal of Economic Entomology. 92 (6): 1352–7. doi:10.1093/jee/92.6.1352. PMID 10633577.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Catangui, MA; Campbell, JB; Thomas, GD; Boxler, DJ (1997). "Calculating Economic Injury Levels for Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscida) on Feeding Heifers". Journal of Economic Entomology. 90 (1): 6–10. doi:10.1093/jee/90.1.6. PMID 9071886.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Janovy, J.; Roberts, L. (2000). Foundations of Parasitology (6th ed.). USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yeruham, I; Nir, O; Braverman, Y; Davidson, M; Grinstein, H; Haymovitch, M; Zamir, O (July 22, 1995). "Spread of Lumpy Skin Disease in Israeli Dairy Herds". The Veterinary Record. 137–4 (4): 91–93. doi:10.1136/vr.137.4.91 (inactive 12 July 2025). PMID 8533249. S2CID 23409535.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Newberry, Jennifer (2005-02-22). "ADW: Stomoxys calcitrans: INFORMATION". Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baldacchino, Frédéric; Muenworn, Vithee; Desquesnes, Marc; Desoli, Florian; Charoenviriyaphap, Theeraphap; Duvallet, Gérard (2013). "Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): A review". Parasite. 20: 26. doi:10.1051/parasite/2013026. PMC 3756335. PMID 23985165. Open access icon
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mongoh, MN; Dyer, NW; Stoltenow, CL; Khaitsa, ML (2008). "Risk Factors Associated with Anthrax Outbreak in Animals in North Dakota, 2005: A Retrospective Case-Control Study". Public Health Reports. 123 (3): 352–359. doi:10.1177/003335490812300315. PMC 2289988. PMID 19006977.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Turell, MJ; Knudson, GB (1987). "Mechanical transmission of Bacillus anthracis by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes taeniorhynchus)". Infection and Immunity. 55 (8): 1859–1861. doi:10.1128/iai.55.8.1859-1861.1987. PMC 260614. PMID 3112013.
External links
Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.
Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Taxonbar". Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.
