Le Mans

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Le Mans (/ləˈmɒ̃/; Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a city in northwestern France on the Sarthe River where it meets the Huisne. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.

Its inhabitants are called Manceaux (male) and Mancelles (female). Since 1923, the city has hosted the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the world's oldest active endurance sports car race. The event is among the most attended and prestigious motor sports events in the world.

History

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First mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy,[2] the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani), or Cenomanus. Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, was within the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. A 3rd-century amphitheatre is still visible. The thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century when workers were mobilized to build the city's defensive walls. The ancient wall around Le Mans is one of the most complete circuits of Gallo-Roman city walls to survive.[3]

As the use of the French language replaced late Vulgar Latin in the area, Cenomanus, with dissimilation, became known as Celmins. Cel- was taken to be a form of the French word for "this" and "that", and was replaced by le, which means "the".

As the principal city of Maine, Le Mans was the stage for struggles in the eleventh century between the counts of Anjou and the dukes of Normandy. When the Normans had control of Maine, William the Conqueror successfully invaded England and established an occupation. In 1069 the citizens of Maine revolted and expelled the Normans, resulting in Hugh V being proclaimed count of Maine. Geoffrey V of Anjou married Matilda of England in the cathedral. Their son Henry II Plantagenet, king of England, was born in the town.[4]

In the 13th century Le Mans came under the control of the French crown. It was subsequently invaded by England during the Hundred Years' War.[5]

Industrialization took place in the 19th century which saw the development of railway and motor vehicle production as well as textiles and tobacco manufacture.[5]

Wilbur Wright began official public demonstrations of the airplane he had developed with his younger brother Orville on 8 August 1908, at the Hunaudières horse racing track near Le Mans.[6]

World War II

Just outside Le Mans city centre there used to be an airfield, built to protect the Renault factory.

Soon after Le Mans was liberated by the U.S. 79th and 90th Infantry Divisions on 8 August 1944,[7] engineers of the Ninth Air Force Engineering Command began construction of a combat Advanced Landing Ground on a location the Germans had used a simple airfield. The airfield was declared operational on 3 September and designated as "A-35". It was used by several American fighter and transport units in additional offensives across France; the airfield was closed in November 1944.[8][9]

Main sights

Climate

Le Mans has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) influenced by the mild Atlantic air travelling inland. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, whereas winters are mild and cloudy. Precipitation is relatively uniform and moderate year round.

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Demographics

As of 2022, there were 370,280 inhabitants in the metropolitan area (aire d'attraction) of Le Mans, with 145,182 of these living in the city proper (commune).[13] In 1855 Le Mans absorbed four neighbouring communes.[14] The population data for 1851 and earlier in the table and graph below refer to the pre-1855 borders.

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Transportation

File:Tram Le Mans - Avenue du Général Leclerc.JPG
Tram in town center of Le Mans

The Gare du Mans is the main railway station of Le Mans. It takes 1 hour to reach Paris from Le Mans by TGV high speed train. There are also TGV connections to Lille, Marseille, Nantes, Rennes and Brest. Gare du Mans is also a hub for regional trains. Le Mans inaugurated a light rail system, Le Mans tramway (French: Tramway du Mans), on 17 November 2007.[16]

The Le Mans Airfield (fr:Aéroport Le Mans-Arnage (LME LFRM, until 1971 Aérodrome des Raineries) located in the Arnage community to the south of the City serves as regional airport.

Sport

Motorsport

File:Le Mans 2007 - Dunlop Curve.jpg
Dunlop Curve at the Circuit de la Sarthe
File:Empreinte pilotes 24h.jpg
Handprints and signatures from the winners of the 1992 edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Mark Blundell, Derek Warwick, and Yannick Dalmas, at Le Mans

The first French Grand Prix took place on a 64-mile (103 km) Circuit de la Sarthe based outside of Le Mans in 1906.

Since the introduction of the 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race in 1923, the city has been best known for its connection with motorsports. The Circuit des 24 Heures du Mans originally used public roads to the South of the city leading to Mulsanne. Some parts were replaced by permanent race track sections. The Bugatti Circuit (named after Ettore Bugatti, founder of the car company bearing his name), a relatively short permanent circuit without public roads, can be used for racing throughout the year and regularly hosts the French motorcycle Grand Prix.

The "Le Mans start" was used in the 24-hour race until 1969: drivers lined up across the track from their cars, ran across the track, jumped into their cars, started them, and began the race. The use of safety belts prevented this. The drivers have to be properly strapped in by mechanics.

The 1955 Le Mans disaster was a large accident during the race that killed eighty-four spectators.

Basketball

The city is home to Le Mans Sarthe Basket, 2006 Champion of the LNB Pro A, France's top professional basketball division.

The team plays its home games at the Antarès, which served as one of the host arenas of the FIBA EuroBasket 1999.

Football

Cycling

Notable people

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Le Mans was the birthplace of:

File:Basile Moreau CSC.jpg
Basil Moreau around 1860

Notable residents include:

Died in Le Mans:

International relations

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Le Mans is twinned with:[17]

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Gastronomy

The culinary specialty of Le Mans is rillettes, a shredded pork pâté.

Landmarks

Located at Mayet near Le Mans, the Le Mans-Mayet transmitter has a height of 342 m and is one of the tallest radio masts in France.

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  • Le Mans has been a setting for numerous feature films that feature its famous race.[18]
  • Le Mans is a setting for sections of the 2020 novel, The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue, by V.E. Schwab.[19]

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ birthplace of Henry II of England (now part of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) and not open to the public)

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in français). 2 December 2020.
  2. ^ Geography 2.8.8
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Butler, R. M. (1958). "The Roman Walls of le Mans". The Journal of Roman Studies. 48 (1/2): 33–39. doi:10.2307/298210. JSTOR 298210. S2CID 162544388.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.King, Edmund (2010). King Stephen. New Haven, Connecticut, United States: Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-300-11223-8.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Le Mans | History, Geography, & Points of Interest | Britannica". 11 June 2023.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Combs, Harry (1979). Kill Devil Hill: Discovering the Secret of the Wright Brothers. Englewood: TernStyle Press, Ltd. pp. 266–281. ISBN 0940053020.
  7. ^ Blumenson, Martin, Breakout and Pursuit, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1989, pp. 436–8
  8. ^ Johnson, David C. (1988), U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO), D-Day to V-E Day; Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
  9. ^ Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. Template:ISBN.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Triger, Robert (1898). "L'Hotel-de-Ville du Mans (1471-1898)". Marsy Arthur de Bulletin Monumental. pp. 296–298.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Données climatiques de la station de Le Mans" (PDF) (in français). Meteo France. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Normes et records 1961–1990: Le Mans – Arnage (72) – altitude 51m" (in français). Infoclimat. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  13. ^ Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 du Mans (034), INSEE
  14. ^ a b Template:Cassini-Ehess
  15. ^ Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023, INSEE
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Le Mans light rail takes off". Railway Gazette International. 6 January 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Les jumelages". lemans.fr (in français). Le Mans. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The 5 Best 24 Hours of le Mans Movies". 14 June 2016.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue: Recap & Summary". The Bibliofile. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link"..

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for [[Wikivoyage:Le Mans#Template:Wikidata|Le Mans]].

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