Sunjong of Korea

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Sunjong
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Sunjong wearing court uniform and dress of the Korean Empire c. 1910
Emperor of Korea
Reign19 July 1907 – 29 August 1910
PredecessorGojong of Korea
SuccessorMonarchy abolished
(Korea annexed by Japan)
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Changdeokgung, Hanseong, Joseon
DiedScript error: No such module "person date".
Changdeokgung, Keijō, Chōsen
Burial
Hongyureung, Namyangju, South Korea
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​
​
(m. 1882; died 1904)​
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(m. 1907)​
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Names
Yi Cheok (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".)
Era name and dates
Yunghui (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".): 1907–1910
Posthumous name
Emperor Munon Mulyeong Donin Seonggyeong Hyo (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".)
Temple name
Sunjong (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".)
ClanJeonju Yi
DynastyYi
FatherGojong of Korea
MotherEmpress Myeongseong
ReligionKorean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism)

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Template:Infobox Korean name/auto Sunjong (Korean: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Hanja: Script error: No such module "Lang".; 25 March 1874 – 24 April 1926),[1][2] personal name Yi Cheok (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".), also known as the Yunghui Emperor (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".), was the last Korean monarch. He ruled from 1907 to 1910 with the reign of 3 years. He was the second and last emperor of the Korean Empire. Sunjong was elevated to the throne after his predecessor and father, Gojong, was forced to abdicate by the Empire of Japan. Hence, Sunjong has been characterized by historians as being a powerless puppet ruler of the Japanese, reigning for just three years before Korea was officially annexed in 1910.

Biography

Crown Prince of Korea

Sunjong was the second son of Emperor Gojong and Empress Myeongseong. When he turned two years old in 1876, Sunjong was proclaimed the Crown Prince of Joseon.[3][4] In 1882, he married a woman of the Yeoheung Min clan (later Empress Sunmyeonghyo). She died at the age of 31 on 5 November 1904 due to a severe depression, after trying to protect her mother-in-law (Empress Myeongseong, also a member of the Yeoheung Min clan) from her assassination on 8 October 1895 by the Japanese military.

When his father proclaimed Korea as an Empire in 1897, Sunjong was appointed as the Crown Prince of Imperial Korea on 12 October 1897.[5] On 29 June 1898, he was appointed as the Field Marshal of the Imperial Korean Army.[6] Sunjong remarried again 3 years later to the daughter of Yoon Taek-young, Yun Jeung-sun of the Haepyeong Yun clan, who was 20 years younger than him, on 11 December 1906,[7] and she became Crown Princess Consort Yun (later Empress Sunjeong).

Emperor of Korea

On 19 July 1907, Gojong was deposed as a result of Japanese coercion, and Sunjong was made the Emperor of Korea. His coronation proceeded in Don-doek-jeon.[8] Prince Imperial Yeong, the younger half-brother of Sunjong, was proclaimed heir to the throne and moved from Deoksugung Palace to the imperial residence at Changdeokgung Palace.[9]

Sunjong's reign was limited by the gradually increasing armed intervention of the Japanese government in Korea. In July 1907, he was proclaimed emperor of Korea but was immediately forced to enter into the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907. This treaty allowed the Japanese government to supervise and intervene in the administration and governance of Korea, which also allowed for the appointment of Japanese ministers within the government.[10]

While under Japanese supervision, the Korean army was dismissed on the pretext of a lack of public finance regulations. In 1909, Japan implemented the Japan–Korea Protocol [ko], which effectively removed Korea's judicial power. Meanwhile, Japan dispatched Itō Hirobumi, Japanese Resident-General of Korea, to negotiate with Russia over problems involving Korea and Manchuria. However, Itō was assassinated by Ahn Jung-geun at Harbin, which led to the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910. Pro-Japanese politicians, such as Song Byung-jun and Lee Wan-yong, defected, merging Korea with Japan by fabricating Korea's willingness and establishing the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty on 29 August 1910.[11][12]

Although still existent de jure, the intervention by the Japanese government effectively ended Sunjong's reign over the Korean Empire de facto and he became essentially powerless within three years of ruling. Japan, in effect, officially abolished the Korean Empire on 29 August 1910, ending 519 years of the Joseon dynasty.[13]

Post-abdication

File:Emperor, Queen and Crown Prince of Korea (4096161892).jpg
The Emperor, Queen, and Yi On, the Crown Prince, but not the child of the Emperor. The Emperor and his second wife. Image collected in the United States.

After the annexation treaty, the former Emperor Sunjong and his wife, Empress Sunjeong, lived the rest of their lives virtually imprisoned in Changdeokgung Palace (in present-day Seoul).[14] Sunjong could not exercise any power as emperor because there were only pro-Japanese politicians in the government. After the Korean Empire collapsed, Sunjong was demoted from emperor to king. Japan allowed him the title of King Yi of Changdeok Palace (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) and allowed for the title to be inherited.[9]

Sunjong died on 24 April 1926, in Changdeokgung and is buried with his two wives at the imperial tomb of Yureung (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) in the city of Namyangju. His state funeral on 10 June 1926, was a catalyst for the June 10th Movement against Japanese rule. He had no children.[15]

Family

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Consort(s) and their respective issue

  • Empress Sunmyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 20 November 1872 – 5 November 1904)
  • Yun Jeung-sun (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Empress Sunjeong of the Haepyeong Yun clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 19 September 1894 – 3 February 1966)
    • Yi Jin (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 18 August 1921 – 11 May 1922), adopted son[a]

Honours

Ancestry

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  • Emperor Gojong and the Crown Prince Sunjong
    Emperor Gojong and the Crown Prince Sunjong
  • Sunjong wearing Court uniform and dress of Korean Empire, Japanese honors and Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum
    Sunjong wearing Court uniform and dress of Korean Empire, Japanese honors and Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum
  • Sunjong in Tongcheonggwan and Gangsapo
    Sunjong in Tongcheonggwan and Gangsapo

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Yi Jin is the elder brother of Yi Ku, and the eldest son of Yi Un, Crown Prince Uimin and Yi Bangja (born Princess Masako of Nashimoto).
  2. ^ The order was established by the emperor's orders in 1907.

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.건원절(乾元節). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.순종(純宗). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kelley, Matt (31 December 2008). "Deoksugung Palace". Discovering Korea. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bruce Cummings (17 September 2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. p. 150.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.사료 고종시대사. 고종, 황태자를 책봉한 뒤 신하들에게 문안 인사를 받음. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.사료 고종시대사. 광무 황제, 직접 대원수가 되어 육해군을 통솔하고 황태자를 원수로 삼겠다는 조령을 내림. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty. 총서. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty. 황제 즉위식 장소와 규례에 관하여 조서를 내리다. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.순종. Academy of Korean Studies.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.『고종시대사 6』(History of Gojong's Period 6) : 국사편찬위원회(National History Compilation Committee), 1969, 635p.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.『고종시대사 6』(History of Gojong's Period 6) : 국사편찬위원회(National History Compilation Committee), 1969, 641p.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rhee, Song Nai. Beautiful as the Rainbow: Nashimoto Masako, a Japanese Princess against All ... p. 100.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cultural Heritage, the source for Koreans' Strength and Dream". Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Emperor Sunjong of Korea". Asian History. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yunghui Yi Cheok, Emperor Sunjong. Korea's Last Emperor's Goodbye: Korea Annexed by Japan. 1915.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.서봉장(瑞鳳章). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in 日本語). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. pp. 149, 150.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.자료일람 | 한국사데이터베이스. db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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