Phylum

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LifeDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A kingdom contains one or more phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪləm/; Template:Plural form: phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.[1][2][3] Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 32 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about eight phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger clades like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

General description

The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek Script error: No such module "lang". (φῦλον, 'race, stock'), related to Script error: No such module "lang". (φυλή, 'tribe, clan').Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[4] Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"): "perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] Script error: No such module "Lang". [i.e., stock / tribe] (Script error: No such module "Lang".)."[a] In plant taxonomy, August W. Eichler (1883) classified plants into five groups named divisions, a term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi.[1][5] The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the four Script error: No such module "Lang". of Georges Cuvier.[6]

At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition).[7] Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.[citation needed]

Definition based on genetic relation

The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group.[7] Even this is problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to determine the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example, the bearded worms were described as a new phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them to be a group of annelids, so the phyla were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid family).[8] On the other hand, the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla (Orthonectida and Rhombozoa) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.[9]

This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of placing taxa in clades without any formal ranking of group size.[7]

Definition based on body plan

A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characteristics that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.

This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A greater problem is that it relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be considered as phyla.

The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "stem groups" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities.[7] However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.[7] Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body plan.[10]

A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise.[11]

Known phyla

Animals

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Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are based on described species,[12] and some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[13]

Protostome Nephrozoa Bilateria
Deuterostome
Basal/disputed
Vendobionta
Others
Phylum Meaning Common name Distinguishing characteristic Taxa described
Agmata Fragmented Calcareous conical shells 5 species, extinct
Annelida Little ring [14]Template:Rp Segmented worms, annelids Multiple circular segments Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+ extant
Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, with chitin exoskeleton Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+ extant;[12] 20,000+ extinct
Brachiopoda Arm foot[14]Template:Rp Lampshells[14]Template:Rp Lophophore and pedicle Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".–500 extant; 12,000+ extinct
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) Moss animals Moss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts[14]Template:Rp Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles, anus outside ring of cilia Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant[12]
Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms[14]Template:Rp Chitinous spines either side of head, fins Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
Chordata With a cord Chordates Hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+[12]
Cnidaria Stinging nettle Cnidarians Nematocysts (stinging cells) Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[12]
Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies[14]Template:Rp Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".–150 extant
Cycliophora Wheel carrying Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+
Dicyemida Lozenge animal Single anteroposterior axial celled endoparasites, surrounded by ciliated cells Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+
Echinodermata Spiny skin Echinoderms[14]Template:Rp Fivefold radial symmetry in living forms, mesodermal calcified spines Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant;[12] approx. 13,000 extinct
Entoprocta Inside anus[14]Template:Rp Goblet worms Anus inside ring of cilia Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Gastrotricha Hairy stomach[14]Template:Rp Hairybellies Two terminal adhesive tubes Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms[14]Template:Rp Tiny worms related to rotifers with no body cavity Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Hemichordata Half cord[14]Template:Rp Acorn worms, hemichordates Stomochord in collar, pharyngeal slits Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Loricifera Armour bearer Brush heads Umbrella-like scales at each end Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Micrognathozoa Tiny jaw animals Accordion-like extensible thorax Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Mollusca Soft[14]Template:Rp Mollusks/molluscs Muscular foot and mantle round shell Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+ extant;[12] 80,000+ extinct[15]
Monoblastozoa
(Nomen inquirendum) 		One sprout animals distinct anterior/posterior parts and being densely ciliated, especially around the "mouth" and "anus". 1
Nematoda Thread like Roundworms, threadworms, eelworms, nematodes[14]Template:Rp Round cross section, keratin cuticle Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[12]
Nematomorpha Thread form[14]Template:Rp Horsehair worms, Gordian worms[14]Template:Rp Long, thin parasitic worms closely related to nematodes Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Nemertea A sea nymph[14]Template:Rp Ribbon worms[14]Template:Rp Unsegmented worms, with a proboscis housed in a cavity derived from the coelom called the rhynchocoel Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms[14]Template:Rp Worm-like animal with legs tipped by chitinous claws Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
Orthonectida Straight swimmer Parasitic, microscopic, simple, wormlike organisms Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Petalonamae Shaped like leaves An extinct phylum from the Ediacaran. They are bottom-dwelling and immobile, shaped like leaves (frondomorphs), feathers or spindles. 3 classes, extinct
Phoronida Zeus's mistress Horseshoe worms U-shaped gut Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Placozoa Plate animals Trichoplaxes, placozoans[14]Template:Rp Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+
Platyhelminthes Flat worm[14]Template:Rp Flatworms[14]Template:Rp Flattened worms with no body cavity. Many are parasitic. Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[12]
Porifera Pore bearer Sponges[14]Template:Rp Perforated interior wall, simplest of all known animals Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant[12]
Priapulida Little Priapus Penis worms Penis-shaped worms Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Proarticulata Before articulates An extinct group of mattress-like organisms that display "glide symmetry." Found during the Ediacaran. 3 classes, extinct
Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers[14]Template:Rp Anterior crown of cilia Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[12]
Saccorhytida Saccus : "pocket" and "wrinkle" Saccorhytus is only about 1 mm (1.3 mm) in size and is characterized by a spherical or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth. Its body is covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It has a nodule above its mouth. Around its body are 8 openings in a truncated cone with radial folds. Considered to be a deuterostome[16] or an early ecdysozoan.[17] 2 species, extinct
Tardigrada Slow step Water bears, moss piglets Microscopic relatives of the arthropods, with a four segmented body and head Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Trilobozoa Three-lobed animal Trilobozoans A taxon of mostly discoidal organisms exhibiting tricentric symmetry. All are Ediacaran-aged 18 genera, extinct
Vetulicolia Ancient dweller Vetulicolians Might possibly be a subphylum of the chordates. Their body consists of two parts: a large front part and covered with a large "mouth" and a hundred round objects on each side that have been interpreted as gills or openings near the pharynx. Their posterior pharynx consists of 7 segments. 15 species, extinct
Xenacoelomorpha Strange hollow form Xenacoelomorphs Small, simple animals. Bilaterian, but lacking typical bilaterian structures such as gut cavities, anuses, and circulatory systems[18] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+
Total: 39 1,525,000[12]

Plants

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The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see Current definitions of Plantae). All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta, to form the clade Viridiplantae. The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida,[19] a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.

The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Monilophyta,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. while others place them both in Monilophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes),[20] or for conifers alone as below.

Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms up to the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. subclasses.[21]

Archaeplastida Biliphyta[19] Other algae
Viridiplantae Green algae
Embryophyte (Land plants)
Division Meaning Common name Distinguishing characteristics Species described
Anthocerotophyta[22] Anthoceros-like plants Hornworts Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".–300+
Bryophyta[22] Bryum-like plants, moss plants Mosses Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Charophyta Chara-like plants Charophytes Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Chlorophyta (Yellow-)green plants[14]Template:Rp Chlorophytes Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
CycadophytaLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Cycas-like plants, palm-like plants Cycads Seeds, crown of compound leaves Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".–200
GinkgophytaLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Ginkgo-like plants Ginkgophytes Seeds not protected by fruit Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant; 50+ extinct
Glaucophyta Blue-green plants Glaucophytes Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
GnetophytaLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Gnetum-like plants Gnetophytes Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
LycophytaLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Lycopodium-like plants

Wolf plants

Clubmosses Microphyll leaves, vascular system Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
Angiospermae Seed container Flowering plants, angiosperms Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Marchantiophyta,[23]

Hepatophyta[22]

Marchantia-like plants

Liver plants

Liverworts Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Polypodiophyta Polypodium-like plants
 Ferns Megaphyll leaves, vascular system Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Picozoa Extremely small animals Picozoans, picobiliphytes 1
Pinophyta,[20]

ConiferophytaLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Pinus-like plants

Cone-bearing plant

Conifers Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
Prasinodermophyta Prasinoderma-like plants Picozoans, picobiliphytes, biliphytes 8
Rhodophyta Red plants Red algae Use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments. Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".
Total: 16

Fungi

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Division Meaning Common name Distinguishing characteristics Species described
Ascomycota Bladder fungus[14]Template:Rp Ascomycetes,[14]Template:Rp sac fungi Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).[24] Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually. 30,000
Basidiomycota Small base fungus[14]Template:Rp Basidiomycetes,[14]Template:Rp club fungi Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.[citation needed] 31,515
Blastocladiomycota Offshoot branch fungus[25] Blastoclads Less than 200
Chytridiomycota Little cooking pot fungus[26] Chytrids Predominantly Aquatic saprotrophic or parasitic. Have a posterior flagellum. Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.[27][28][29] 1000+
Glomeromycota Ball of yarn fungus[14]Template:Rp Glomeromycetes, AM fungi[14]Template:Rp Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots. 284
Microsporidia Small seeds[30] Microsporans[14]Template:Rp 1400
Neocallimastigomycota New beautiful whip fungus[31] Neocallimastigomycetes Predominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.[32] approx. 20 [33]
Zygomycota Pair fungus[14]Template:Rp Zygomycetes[14]Template:Rp Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.[32] approx. 1060
Total: 8

Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain,[34] and it is considered a protozoan by the International Society of Protistologists[35] (see Protista, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do not share an immediate ancestor),[36] which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain placement): Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina.[34]

Protists

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The kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi.[14]Template:Rp Protista is a paraphyletic taxon,[37] which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system.[38]

Protist taxonomy has long been unstable,[39] with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many of the phyla listed below are used by the Catalogue of Life,[40] and correspond to the Protozoa-Chromista scheme,[35] with updates from the latest (2022) publication by Cavalier-Smith.[41] Other phyla are used commonly by other authors, and are adapted from the system used by the International Society of Protistologists (ISP). Some of the descriptions are based on the 2019 revision of eukaryotes by the ISP.[42]

Stramenopiles Diaphoretickes
Alveolata
Rhizaria
"Hacrobia"
Amorphea
Excavates
Orphan groups
Phylum Meaning Common name Distinguishing characteristics Species described Image
Amoebozoa Amorphous animals Amoebozoans Presence of pseudopodia for amoeboid movement, tubular cristae.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[43] File:Amoeba proteus.jpg
Apicomplexa Apical infolds[44] Apicomplexans, sporozoans Mostly parasitic, at least one stage of the life cycle with flattened subpellicular vesicles and a complete apical complex, non-photosynthetic apicoplast.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[44] File:Toxoplasma gondii.jpg
Apusozoa
(paraphyletic) 		Apusomonas-like animals Gliding biciliates with two or three connectors between centrioles 32 File:Podomonas kaiyoae C.jpg
Bigyra Two rings Stramenopiles with a double helix in ciliary transition zone File:Aplanonet3.jpg
Cercozoa Flagellated animal Cercozoans Defined by molecular phylogeny, lacking distinctive morphological or behavioural characters.[42] File:Euglypha sp.jpg
Chromerida Chromera-like organisms Chrompodellids, chromerids, colpodellids[45] Biflagellates, chloroplasts with four membranes, incomplete apical complex, cortical alveoli, tubular cristae.[42] 8[46] File:Vitrella brassicaformis LM Michalek 2020.png
Choanozoa
(paraphyletic) 		Funnel animals[14] Opisthokont protists Filose pseudopods; some with a colar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[43] File:Desmarella moniliformis.jpg
Ciliophora Cilia bearers Ciliates Presence of multiple cilia and a cytostome. Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[47] File:Paramecium bursaria.jpg
Cryptista Hidden[14] Defined by molecular phylogeny, flat cristae.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[46][42] File:Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg
Dinoflagellata Whirling flagellates[14] Dinoflagellates Biflagellates with a transverse ribbon-like flagellum with multiple waves beating to the cell's left and a longitudinal flagellum beating posteriorly with only one or few waves.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
955 fossil[46] 		File:CSIRO ScienceImage 6736 dinoflagellate.jpg
Endomyxa Within mucus[14][48] Defined by molecular phylogeny,[42] typically plasmodial endoparasites of other eukaryotes.[48] File:Vampyrella lateritia.jpg
Eolouka
(paraphyletic) 		Early groove[49] Heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral feeding groove.[49] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". File:Stygiella incarcerata.jpg
Euglenozoa True eye animals Biflagellates, one of the two cilia inserted into an apical or subapical pocket, unique ciliary configuration.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
20 fossil[46] 		File:Euglenoid movement.jpg
Haptista Fasten[14] Thin microtubule-based appendages for feeding (haptonema in haptophytes, axopodia in centrohelids), complex mineralized scales.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
1,205 fossil[46] 		File:Coccolithus pelagicus 2.jpg
Hemimastigophora Incomplete or atypical flagellates[50] Hemimastigotes[51] Ellipsoid or vermiform phagotrophs, two slightly spiraling rows of around 12 cilia each, thecal plates below the membrane supported by microtubules and rotationally symmetrical, tubular and saccular cristae.[42][50] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[52] File:Hemimastix amphikineta.png
Heterolobosea;[53]
Percolozoa 		Percolomonas-like animals Heteroloboseans, amoebomastigotes[14] Complex life cycle containing amoebae, flagellates and cysts.[42] Amoeboflagellates with an amoeba, a flagellate, and a cyst stage in their life cycles. Amoebae usually cylindrical, with a monopodial locomotive form, relatively fast-moving via eruptive lobopodia. Flagellates usually with two or four flagella that arise at the anterior end of a feeding groove. Golgi apparatus lacking a classic stacked form. Mitochondria with discoidal cristae, some species with acristate, hydrogen-producing mitochondrion-related organelles.[53] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[53] File:Naegleria fowleri lifecycle stages.JPG
Malawimonada Malawimonas-like organisms Malawimonads Small free-living bicilates with two kinetosomes, one or two vanes in posterior cilium. Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[54] File:Malawimonasms.jpg
Metamonada Middle monads Metamonads Anaerobic or microaerophilic, some without mitochondria; four kinetosomes per kinetid File:Giardia muris trophozoite SEM 11643.jpg
Ochrophyta;
Heterokontophyta 		Ochre plants, heterokont plants Heterokont algae, stramenochromes, ochrophytes, heterokontophytes Biflagellates with tripartite mastigonemes, chloroplasts with four membranes and chlorophylls a and c, tubular cristae.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
2,262 fossil[46] 		File:Diatoms through the microscope.jpg
Opisthosporidia
(often considered fungi) 		Opisthokont spores[55] Parasites with chitinous spores and extrusive host-invasion apparatus File:Fibrillanosema spore.jpg
Perkinsozoa Perkinsus-like animals Perkinsozoans, perkinsids Parasitic biflagellates, incomplete apical complex, formation of zoosporangia or undifferentiated cells via a hypha-like tube.[42] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". File:Dinovorax pyriformis PMC5609580 fig1c.png
Provora Devouring voracious protists[56] Defined by molecular phylogeny, free-living eukaryovorous heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral groove and extrusomes.[56] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[56] File:Outline drawing of Ubysseya fretuma.svg
Pseudofungi False fungi Defined by molecular phylogeny, phagotrophic heterokonts with a helical ciliary transition zone.[57] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".[58] File:Phytophthora cactorum.jpg
Retaria Reticulopodia-bearing organisms[48] Feeding by reticulopodia (or axopodia) typically projected through various types of skeleton, closed mitosis.[59] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". extant
50,000 fossil 		File:Foraminifères de Ngapali.jpg
Sulcozoa
(paraphyletic) 		Groove-bearing animals[49] Aerobic flagellates (none, 1, 2 or 4 flagella) with dorsal semi-rigid pellicle of one or two submembrane dense layers, ventral feeding groove, branching ventral pseudopodia, typically filose.[49] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting".+ File:Collodictyon telophase constrict.jpg
Telonemia Telonema-like organisms[60] Telonemids[61] Phagotrophic pyriform biflagellates with a unique complex cytoskeleton, tubular cristae, tripartite mastigonemes, cortical alveoli.[60][61] Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". File:Telonema rivulare (electron micrography).jpg
Total: 26, but see below.

The number of protist phyla varies greatly from one classification to the next. The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae,[40] but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista.[62] In addition, less popular classification schemes unite Ochrophyta and Pseudofungi under one phylum, Gyrista, and all alveolates except ciliates in one phylum Myzozoa, later lowered in rank and included in a paraphyletic phylum Miozoa.[41] Even within a phylum, other phylum-level ranks appear, such as the case of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) within Ochrophyta. These differences became irrelevant after the adoption of a cladistic approach by the ISP, where taxonomic ranks are excluded from the classifications after being considered superfluous and unstable. Many authors prefer this usage, which lead to the Chromista-Protozoa scheme becoming obsolete.[42]

Bacteria

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Currently there are 41 bacterial phyla (not including "Cyanobacteria") that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[63]

  1. Abditibacteriota
  2. Acidobacteriota, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured
  3. Actinomycetota, High-G+C Gram positive species
  4. Aquificota, deep-branching
  5. Armatimonadota
  6. Atribacterota
  7. Bacillota, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic) and Clostridia (anaerobic)
  8. Bacteroidota
  9. Balneolota
  10. Bdellovibrionota
  11. Caldisericota, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
  12. Calditrichota
  13. Campylobacterota
  14. Chlamydiota
  15. Chlorobiota, green sulphur bacteria
  16. Chloroflexota, green non-sulphur bacteria
  17. Chrysiogenota, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
  18. Coprothermobacterota
  19. Deferribacterota
  20. Deinococcota, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known" species of this phyla
  21. Dictyoglomota
  22. Elusimicrobiota, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
  23. Fibrobacterota
  24. Fusobacteriota
  25. Gemmatimonadota
  26. Ignavibacteriota
  27. Kiritimatiellota
  28. Lentisphaerota, formerly clade VadinBE97
  29. Mycoplasmatota, notable genus: Mycoplasma
  30. Myxococcota
  31. Nitrospinota
  32. Nitrospirota
  33. Planctomycetota
  34. Pseudomonadota, the most well-known phylum, containing species such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  35. Rhodothermota
  36. Spirochaetota, species include Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
  37. Synergistota
  38. Thermodesulfobacteriota
  39. Thermomicrobiota
  40. Thermotogota, deep-branching
  41. Verrucomicrobiota

Archaea

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Currently there are 2 phyla that have been validly published according to the Bacteriological Code[63]

  1. Nitrososphaerota
  2. Thermoproteota, second most common archaeal phylum

Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include:

  1. "Euryarchaeota", most common archaeal phylum
  2. "Korarchaeota"
  3. "Nanoarchaeota", ultra-small symbiotes, single known species

See also

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Notes

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References

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