Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Talmudic Aramaic)
Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Hatnote list' not found.
Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | |
|---|---|
| Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic, Jewish Aramaic, Talmudic[1] | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Incantation bowl in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | |
| Region | Babylonia, modern day southern and some of central Iraq |
| Era | ca. 200–1200 CE |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
Early form | |
| Babylonian Alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tmr |
| Glottolog | jewi1240 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
Page Template:Infobox/styles-images.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the fifth century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Classification and type
The language was closely related to Eastern Aramaic varieties such as Mandaic. Its original pronunciation is uncertain and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and the reading tradition of the Yemenite Jews,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and where available those of the Iraqi, Syrian and Egyptian Jews.[citation needed] The value of the Yemenite reading tradition has been challenged by Matthew Morgenstern.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the Tanakh and the siddurim, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in different dialects.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation like Law French[citation needed] rather than a vernacular mother tongue,[citation needed] and continued in use for these purposes long after Judeo-Arabic languages had become used in daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logic terms such as Script error: No such module "lang". "conclusive refutation" and Script error: No such module "lang". "undecidable moot point", which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced modern Hebrew.[citation needed]
Like the other Judeo-Aramaic languages, it was written in the Hebrew alphabet.
Grammar
Pronouns
Independent nominative pronouns
| Independent personal pronounsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אנא | First person, singular, common | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.את | Second person, singular, common | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הוא / איהו | Third person, singular, masculine | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.היא / איהי | Third person, singular, feminine | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אנן | First person, plural, common | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אתון | Second person, plural, masculine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אתון דשאליתו לי דיאילו It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a) Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אתון דמיקרביתו לרב You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b) |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אינהו | Third person, plural, masculine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אינהי | Third person, plural, feminine |
Copulative pronouns
| Copulative pronounsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נא | First person, singular, common | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.עדיפנא I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ת | Second person, singular, common | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.עציבת You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ניהו | Third person, singular, masculine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.מי ידענא היכא ניהו Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הי ניהו which is it (Nid. 41b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ניהי | Third person, singular, feminine | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נן | First person, plural, common | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.זוטרינן we are young (Baba Qama 92b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.תו(ן) | Second person, plural, masculine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.חכימתו You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נינהו | Third person, plural, masculine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הני הילכתה נינהו These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3bLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.גזלני נינהו Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.סהדי שקרי נינהו Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נינהי | Third person, plural, feminine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.קדושה והבדלה חדה מילתא נינהי Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.כולהי חדא ברכתא נינהי all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
Genitive pronominal suffixes
| Genitive pronominal suffixLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ַ איLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ִ י | First person, singular possessive. My | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נַפְשַאי my person (jevamot 64b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.דוּכְתַּאי my position (ketuvot 77b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ִי ךְLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ְ ךָ | Second person, singular, possessive. Your | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.פְּסוּקִיךְ your verse (chagiga 15)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ָ ךְLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ֵ ךְ | Second person, singular, possessive. Your | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.רַבָּךְ your teacher (pesachim 24)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.שוּפְרָךְ your beauty (Bava Metzia 84a) אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים} |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ֵי הּ | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.וֹ | Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.יְהֵא שְׁמֵיהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ
May his great name shall be blessed (Kaddish Shalem, 8th century) |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ָ הּ | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ָ הּ | Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אסירא לייחודי בגברא דלא דידָהּ She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ִי ןLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ֵ נוּ | First person, plural possessive. Our | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אַרְעִין our land (shanhedrin 94)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ַ יְכוּLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ְ כֶם | Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.גַבְרַיְיכוּ Your men (Shabbat 140b)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ַ יְיכִיLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
|
Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ְ כֶן | Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.קַרְחַיְיכִי your baldness (pesachim 110)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.פַּרְחַיְיכִי your crumbs (pesachim 110)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ַ יְהוּLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ָ ם | Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.מָנַיְיהוּ their clothes (Shabbat 133b) Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.מִינַיְיהוּ(ן)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. from the men |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ַ יְהִיLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ָ ן | Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.עָלַיְיהִי(ן)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. about the women |
| Suffix + אִית | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אִיתֵיהּ | He is/existsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אִיתָהּ | She is/existsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אִיתְנָן | We are/existLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אִיתַנְכוּ | You (pl. m.) are/existLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אִיתַנְכִי | You (pl. f.) are/existLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אִיתַנְהוּ | They (m.) are/existLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אִיתַנְהִי | They (f.) are/existLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
Demonstrative pronoun
| Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הַאי(י) | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֶה)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.מהַאי גִּיסָא ומהַאי גִּיסָא אַדַּעְתָּא דְדיקלא on the one side ... , on the other side with precise intention for Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.האיי דיאנא this judge Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.האיי קלא this voice |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָא | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֹאת)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הא מילתא this word/thing |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָ(א)נֵי | Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנֵי מילי these words/things |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנֵי | Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not ) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (medial) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הַאי(י)+ךְ←הַאִיךְ | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.איתתיה דהאייך His wife of that (man) |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָא+ךְ←הָךְ | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הך ארעא that land Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הך לשנא that language |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָ(א)נֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ | Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.מן הָנַךְ טעמי Because of those reasons Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנַךְ אֲזַלוּ לְעָלְמָא והָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נינהו Those others have gone away, and these are others here |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ | Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not ) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָהוּ(א) | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הוּא)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָהוּא גַבְרָא (Berachot 6b) (any man, anybody, that man ) |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָהִי(א) | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הִיא)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָהִיא אִתְּתָא דַאֲתָא לְקָמֵיהּ (nedarim 50b) (That woman, who came before him ) |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנְהוּ | Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵם)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הָנְהִי | Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵן)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
Accusative pronominal suffixes
| Accusative pronominal suffixLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ַ ן Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ַ ניLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
First person, singular, common | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.גַנְבַן (Nedarim 62) he stole me Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נַטְרַנִי he supervised meLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ך Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Second person, singular, masculine | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.יך | Second person, singular, feminine | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.יה | Third person, feminine, singular | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ה | Third person, masculine, singular | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ה | Third person, masculine, singular | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ינן Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | First person, plural, common | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ינכו | second person, plural, masculine | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נכי | second person, plural, feminine | |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ינון / ינ(ה)ו Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Third person, plural, masculine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write themLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ינון / י(נ)היLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Third person, plural, feminine | Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.וּרְמִי אִינְהִי ← וּרְמִינְהִי (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
Six major verbal patterns
There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The form pe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form Aph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form Pa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the form Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form Itaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the form Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and usually function in a passive sense.[2][3]
| Aramaic binyan | Hebrew binyan | Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation |
| פְּעַל Pe'al | קַל Qal/Pa'al | כְּתַב | כָּתַב | he wrote |
| אִתְפְּעֵל Itpe'el | נִפְעַל Niphal | אִתְכְּתֵיב | נִכְתַב | it was written |
| אַפְעֵל Aph'el | הִפְעִיל Hiph'il | אַפְקֵד | הִפְקִיד | he deposited |
| אִתַפְעַל Itaph'al | הֻפְעַל Huph‘al | אִתַפְקַד | הֻפְקַד | it was deposited |
| פַּעֵל Pa'el | פִּעֵל Pi'el | קַדֵּיש | קִדֵּש | he sanctifed |
| אִתְפַּעַל Itpa'al | הִתְפַּעֵל Hitpa'el | וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ | הִתְקַדֵּשׁ | it was sanctifed |
Verbal pattern (binyan): pe‘al (פְּעַל) Basic Verb – Active
- past tense
| Aramaic verb WROTE [4] | Hebrew verb parallel WROTE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא כְּתַבִית | אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי | ana k'tavit | ani katavti | I wrote |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ | att' k'tavt | atta katavta | you (m.) wrote |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ | att' k'tavt | att' katavt | you (f.) wrote |
| הוּא כְּתַב | הוּא כָּתַב | hu k'tav | hu katav | he wrote |
| הִיא כְּתַבָה | הִיא כָּתְבָה | hi k'tava | hi kat'va | she wrote |
| אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן | אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ | anan k'tavinan | anu katavnu | we wrote |
| אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם | attu k'tavitu | attem k'tavtem | you (m.pl.) wrote |
| אינון כְּתַבוּ | הם כָּתְּבוּ | innun k'tavu | hem katvu | they (m.) wrote |
| Aramaic verb CAME [5] | Hebrew verb parallel CAME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי אֲנָא אֲתַאי |
אֲנִי בָּאתִי | ana ateti/ana atai | ani bati | I came |
| אַתְּ אֲתֵית | אַתָּה בָּאתָ | at atet | ata bata | you (m.) came |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ בָּאת | at ? | at bat | you (f.) came |
| הוּא אֲתָא | הוּא בָּא | hu ata | hu ba | he came |
| הִיא אֲתָת הִיא אֲתַאי הִיא אתיא |
הִיא בָּאָה | i atat/atai/atjia | hi ba'a | she came |
| אֲנָן אֲתַאן אֲנָן אֲתַן אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן |
אָנוּ בָּאנוּ | anan atan/atenan | anu banu | we came |
| אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ | אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם | atu atetu | atem batem | you (m.pl.) came |
| אינון אֲתוּ | הם בָּאוּ | innun atu | hem ba'u | they (m.) came |
| אינין אֲתַיָין אינין אֲתַאָן יאינין אתן |
הן בָּאוּ | innin attajan | hen ba'u | they (f.) came |
- Participle
The Aramaic verb has two participles: an active participle with suffixLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and a passive participle with suffix:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- active participles with suffix
| Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix | Hebrew active participle WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא | אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב | katevna←katev+ana | ani kotev | I write |
| כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ | אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב | katvat← katev+ata | ata kotev | you write |
| כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים | katvinan←katvi+anan | anu kotvim | we write |
| כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים | katvitu← katvi+atu | atem kotvim | you (pl.) write |
| Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[6] | Hebrew active participle COME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא | אֲנִי בָּא | atena←ate+ana | ani ba | I come |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה בָּא | atet← ate+at | ata ba | You come |
| אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן | אָנוּ בָּאִים | atinan←atu+anan | anu ba'iim | we come |
- passive participle with suffix
| Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY | Hebrew passive participle BUSY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא | אֲנִי עָסוּק | assiqna←assiq+ana | ani assuq | I am busy |
| עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ | אַתָּה עָסוּק | assiqat← assiq+ata | ata assuq | you are busy |
| עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן | אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים | assiqinan←assiqi+anan | anu assuqim | we are busy |
| עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים | assiqitu← assiqi+atu | atem assuqim | you (pl.) are busy |
- infinitive /gerund
| Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME | Hebrew infinitive /gerund | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| (לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא | (לָ)בוֹא | Lemeta/meteyi | la'vo | TO COME |
- Future tense
| Aramaic verb WILL WRITE [7] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב | אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב | ana eikhtov | ani ekhtov | I will write |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב | אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב | at tikhtov | ata tikhtov | You (m.sing.)will write |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין | אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי | at tikhtevin | at tikhtevi | You (f.sing.) will write |
| הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב | הוּא יִכְתּוֹב | hu likhtov | hu yikhtov | He will write |
| הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב | הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב | hi tikhtov | hi tikhtov | She will write |
| אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב | אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב | anan likhtov | anu nikhtov | We will write |
| אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן | אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ | atu tikhtevu | atem tikhtevun | you (m.pl.) will write |
| אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן | הם יכְתְּבוּ | innun likhtevun | hem yikhtevu | they (m.pl.) will write |
Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל) Basic Verb – Passive
- past tense
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN [8] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית | אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי | ana itk'tevit | ani nikhtavti | I was written |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה | at itk'tavt | ata nikhtavta | you (m.s.) were written |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ | at itk'tavt | at nikhtavt | you (f.s.) were written |
| הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא נִכְתַבְ | hu itk'tev | hu nikhtav | it (m.) was written |
| הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה | הִיא נִכְתְּבָה | hi itkatva | hi nikhteva | it (f.) was written |
| אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ | anan itkatvinan | anu nikhtavnu | we were written |
| אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם | atu itkatvitu | atem nikhtavtem | you (m.pl.) were written |
| אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | הם נִכְתְּבוּ | innun itkatvu | hem nikhtevu | they (m.pl.) were written |
- future tense
| Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN [9] | Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב | ana ekktev | ani ekkatev | I will be written |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב | at tikktev | ata tikkatev | you (m.s.) will be written |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין | אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי | at tikkatevin | at tikkatevi | you (f.s.) will be written |
| הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא יִכָּתֵיב | hu likktev | hu yikkatev | it (m.) will be written |
| הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הִיא תִכָּתֵיב | hi tikktev | hi tikkatev | it (f.) will be written |
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב | anan likktev | anu nikkatev | we will be written |
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ | atu tikkat'vu | atem tikkatvu | you (m.pl.) will be written |
| אינון לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבוּן | הם יִכָּתבוּ | innun likktevun | em ikkatvu | they (s.pl.) will be written |
| אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן | הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה | innin likkt'van | en tikkatevna | they (m.pl.) will be written |
|}
Verbal pattern (binyan): pa‘el (פַּעֵל) Frequentative – Active
The verbal pattern (binyan) pa‘el are frequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.
The verbal pattern pa'el is Active Frequentative.
- past tense
| Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED [10] | Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית | אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי | ana qadeshit | ani qiddashti | I sanctified |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ | at qadesht | ata qiddashta | You (m.s.) sanctified |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ | at qadesht | at qiddasht | You (f.s.) sanctified |
| הוּא קַדֵּיש | הוּא קִדֵּש | hu qaddesh | hu qiddesh | he sanctified |
| הִיא קַדִּישָה | הִיא קִדְּשָה | hi qaddisha | hi qiddsha | she sanctified |
| אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן | אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ | anan qaddeshnan | anu qiddashnu | we sanctified |
| אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ | אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם | atu qaddeshtu | atem qiddashtem | You (m.pl.) sanctified |
| אינון קַדִּישוּ | הם קִדְּשוּ | innun qaddishu | hem qiddshu | they (m.pl.) sanctified |
- future tense
| Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY [11] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש | אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש | ana aqadesh | ani aqadesh | I will sanctify |
| אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש | אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש | at teqadesh | ata teqadesh | You (m.s.) will sanctify |
| אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | at teqadeshi | at teqadeshi | You (f.s.) will sanctify |
| הוּא יְקַדֵּיש | הוּא יְקַדֵּש | hu yeqadesh | hu yeqadesh | he will sanctify |
| הִיא תְקַדֵּיש | הִיא תְקַדֵּש | hi teqadesh | hi teqadesh | she will sanctify |
| אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש | אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש | anan leqadesh | anu neqadesh | we will sanctify |
| אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ | אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ | atu teqadshu | atem teqadshu | You (m.pl.) will sanctify |
| אינון לְקַדְּשוּ | הם יְקַדְּשוּ | innun leqadshu | hem yeqadeshu | they (m.pl.) will sanctify |
| אינין לְקַדְּשָן | הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה | innin leqadshan | hen teqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will sanctify |
Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) Frequentative – Passive
The verbal pattern itpa'al is Passive Frequentative.
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED [12] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית | אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי | ana yiqqadashit | ani nitqadashti | I was sanctified |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | at yiqqadasht | ata nitqqadasha | you (m.s.) were sanctified |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ | at yiqqadasht | at nitqadasht | you (f.s.) were sanctified |
| הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ | hu yiqqadash | hu nitqadash | it (m.) was sanctified |
| הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה | הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | hi yiqqadasha | hi nitqadasha | it (f.) was sanctified |
| אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן | אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ | anu yiqqadashinan | anu nitqadashnu | we were sanctified |
| אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם | atu yiqqadashitu | innu nitqadashtem | they (f.) were sanctified |
| אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ | הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ | innun yiqqadashitu | hem nitqadashu | they (m.) were sanctified |
| Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED [13] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ | אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ | ana eqqadash | ani etqadesh | I will be sanctified |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | at tiqqadash | ata titqadesh | you (m.s.) will be sanctified |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין | אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי | at tiqqadshin | at titqadshi | you (f.s.) will be sanctified |
| הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ | hu liqqadash | hu yitqadesh | it (m.) will be sanctified |
| הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | hi tiqqadash | hi titqadesh | it (f.) will be sanctified |
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ | anan liqqadash | anu nitqadesh | we will be sanctified |
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ | אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | atu tiqqadshu | atem titqadshu | you (m.pl.) will be sanctified |
| אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן | הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | innun liqqadshun | hem yitqadshu | they (m.pl.) will be sanctified |
| אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן | הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה | innin liqqadshan | hen titqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will be sanctified |
Verbal pattern (binyan): aph‘el (Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.אַפְעֵל) Causative – Active
The verbal pattern aphel is Active Causative.
- past tense
| Aramaic verb DEPOSITED [14] | Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית | אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי | ana afqedit | ani hifqaḏti | I deposited |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ | at afqedt | ata hifqaḏtta | you (m.s.) deposited |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ | at afqedt | at hifqaḏett | you (f.s.) deposited |
| הוּא אַפְקֵיד | הוּא הִפְקִיד | hu afqed | hu yifqid | he deposited |
| הִיא אַפְקִידָה | הִיא הִפְקִידָה | hi afqidah | hi yifqidah | she deposited |
| אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן | אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ | anan afqedinan | anu hifqadnu | we deposited |
| אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם | atu afqeditu | atem hifqaḏtem | you (m.pl.) deposited |
| אינון אַפְקִידוּ | הם הִפְקִידוּ | innun aphqidu | hem hifqidu | they (m.pl.) deposited |
| Aramaic verb BROUGHT Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית | אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי | ana ajtet | ani heveti | I brought |
| אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית | אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ | at aytet | ata heveta | you (m.s.) brought |
| הוּא אַיְיתִי | הוּא הֵבִיא | hu ayti | hu hevi | he brought |
| הִיא אַיְיתָא הִיא אַתָיְא הִיא אַתָאי |
הִיא הֵבִיאָה | hi ayta | hi heviya | she brought |
| אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא | אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ | anan aytena | anu hevenu | we brought |
| אינון אַיְיתוּ | הם הֵבִיאוּ | innun aytu | em hevi'u | they (m.pl.) brought |
- Participle
| Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix[15] | Hebrew active participle BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא | אֲנִי מֵבִיא | maitena ←maite+ana | ani mevi | I bring |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה מֵבִיא | maitet← maite+at | ata mevi | you bring |
| מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן | אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים | maitinan←atu+maitu | anu mev'iim | we bring |
- Future tense
| Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE [16] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵד | אֲנִי אַפְקִיד | ana afqed | ani afqid | I will deposite |
| אַתְּ תַפְקֵד | אַתָּה תַפְקִיד | at tafqed | ata tafqid | you (m.) will deposite |
| אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי | אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי | at tafqedi | at tafqidi | you (f.) will deposite |
| הוּא לַפְקֵד | הוּא יַפְקִיד | hu lafqed | hu yahqid | he will deposite |
| הִיא תַפְקֵד | הִיא תַפְקִיד | hi tafqed | hi tafqid | she will deposite |
| אֲנָן לַפְקֵד | אָנוּ נַפְקִיד | anan lafqed | anu nafqid | we will deposite |
| אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ | אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ | atu tafqedu | atem tafqidu | you (m.pl.) will deposite |
| אינון לַפְקְדוּ | הם יַפְקִידוּ | innun lafqedu | hem yafqidu | they (m.) will deposite |
| Aramaic verb WILL BRING [17] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי | אֲנִי אָבִיא | ana ayite | ani avi | I will bring |
| אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי | אַתָּה תָּבִיא | at tayite | ata tavi | you (m.) will bring |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ תָּבִיאי | at ? | at tavi'i | you (f.) will bring |
| הוּא לַיְיתֵי | הוּא יָבִיא | hu layite | hu yavi | he will bring |
| הִיא תַיְיתֵי | הִיא תָּבִיא | hi tayite | hi tavi | she will bring |
| אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי | אָנוּ נָבִיא | anan layite | anu navi | we will bring |
| אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ | אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ | atu tayitu | atem tavi'u | you (m.pl.) will bring |
| אינון לַיְתוּ | הם יָבִיאוּ | innun layitu | em yavi'u | they (m.) will bring |
Verbal pattern (binyan): itaphal (אִתַּפְעַל) Causative – Passive voice
The verbal pattern itaphal is Passive Causative.
| Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted [18] | Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב | הוּא הוּשַׁב | hu ittothav | hu hushav | it (m.s.) was refuted |
| אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ | הם הוּשְׁבוּ | innun ittotvu | hem hushvu | they (m.pl.) were refuted |
Noun: singular/plural
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | the kingLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | the worldLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | the stateLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)[19] | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) | the word/thingLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)/ Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)[20] are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the form Script error: No such module "Lang". may mean either the kings of or kings or the kings"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | the kingsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)/ Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | the worldsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".)[21] | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) | the words/things |
List of verbs
| Aramaic verb | Hebrew verb parallel | English translation |
| בע'Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | רָצָה | ask, request, want and require |
| חז'Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | רָאָה | see |
| עבדLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | עָשָׂה | do/make |
| פלגLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | חלק | divide |
| צרךLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | צריך | necessity |
| את'Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | בָּא | come |
| תנ'Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | שנה | teach, learn, state, recite and repeat |
| תובLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | שוב | return |
| נפקLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | יָצָא | go out |
| נחתLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | יָרַד | go down |
| סלקLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | עָלָה | go up |
| ילףLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | למד | learn, teach |
| יתבLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | יָשַׁב | to sit |
| זבןLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | קָנָה/מָכַר | to buy/sell |
| הדרLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | חָזַר | to return |
| סלקLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר | to remove |
| גליLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | גִּלָּה | to reveal |
| אסיLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | רִפֵּא | to heal, cure |
| הויLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | הָיָה | he was |
| קום / קָאֵםLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | קם/עומד | to stand |
| עללLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. | בָּא אֶל | to enter |
Idiom
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| קָאֵים (qa'em)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
– | "rising, standing, referring to"[22] |
| קָאֵים – קָא (qa)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
– | –[23] |
| מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן (mai qa mashma lan)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ (ma mashma lanu) |
"What new point is he teaching us "[24] |
| מַאי קָאָמַר (mai qa'amar)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר (ma hu omer) |
"What does he mean "[25] |
| תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן (tanu rabanan)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים (shanu khakhamim) |
"the rabbis taught"[26] |
| מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mena hane mileji)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. |
מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (minajin ha-milim ha-ele) |
"What is the source"[27] |
Modern study
The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely Orthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of their Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[28]
See also
References
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jewish Babylonian Aramaic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "A survey of the aramaic binyanim"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Talmud Bavli Aramaic"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Past tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Past tense: came"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "active participle with suffi"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Future tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Past tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Future tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Past tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Future tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Past tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Future tense: banyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Past tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "active participle with suffi"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Future tense: binyan"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Future tense: will bring"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Past tense:was refuted/were refuted"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "From where is the maxim that people say"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "...in the plural of masculine nouns ... construct forms such as Script error: No such module "Lang"."
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "From where do we derive these things"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "This participle is often used with a word that has a prepositional prefix – אֵי, to mean basing oneself upon or referring to."
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "A contraction of the participle Script error: No such module "Lang". (from the root Script error: No such module "Lang".) is often placed before another participle ... it has an emphatic effect that is difficult to translate into English."
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "What new point is he teaching us? This question points out a difficulty: Since the amora's halakha was already known to us from a mishna, a baraita, or the amora's own statement on another occasion – why did the amora present it again?"
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "What does he mean? This question seeks a clarification of the meaning of a mishna, a baraitha, an amoraic statement, or a pasuk."
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "the hakhamim taught. This expression usually introduces a baraitha that begins with an anonymous statement."
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "From where do we derive these things? What is the source? This question seeks a source for a statement in a mishna, in a baraitha, or by an amora."
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bushinsky, J. (15 April 2005). "The passion of Aramaic-Kurdish Jews brought Aramaic to Israel". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2023 – via Ekurd Daily.
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bar-Asher Siegal, Elitzur A. (2013). Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Münster: Ugarit. ISBN 978-3-86835-084-5.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Epstein, J. N. (1960). Diqduq Aramit Bavlit [Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic] (in עברית).
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Frank, Yitzhak (2000). Grammar for Gemara: An Introduction to Babylonian Aramaic. Jerusalem: Ariel Institute. ISBN 0-87306-612-X.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Frank, Yitzhak (2001). The Practical Talmud Dictionary. Jerusalem.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[publisher missing] - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Frank, Yitzhak (2011). Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic. Jerusalem: Ariel Institute. ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jastrow, Marcus. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. ISBN 1-56563-860-3.[year needed]
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kara, Yehiel (1983). Babylonian Aramaic in the Yemenite Manuscripts of the Talmud: Orthography, Phonology and Morphology of the Verb. Jerusalem.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[publisher missing] - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klein, Hyman (1943). An Introduction to the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud. London.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[publisher missing] - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kutscher, Eduard Yechezkel (1977). Ben-Hayyim, Z.; Dotan, A.; Sarfatti, G. (eds.). Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press / The Hebrew University.[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed]
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Levias, Caspar (1900). A grammar of the Aramaic idiom contained in the Babylonian Talmud.[publisher missing] (reprints available)
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Marcus, David. A Manual of Babylonian Jewish Aramaic. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-1363-8.[year needed]
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Margolis, Max Leopold (1910). A manual of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud; grammar chrestomathy & glossaries. Munich.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[publisher missing] (reprints available) - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Melamed, Ezra Zion (2005). Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud. Feldheim. ISBN 1-58330-776-1.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Morag, Shelomo (1988). Babylonian Aramaic: The Yemenite Tradition – Historical Aspects and Transmission Phonology: the Verbal System (in עברית). Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute. ISBN 0-8018-7233-2.[verification needed]
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Morgenstern, Matthew (2011). Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Based Upon Early Eastern Manuscripts. Harvard Semitic Studies. ISBN 978-1-57506-938-8.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sokoloff, Michael (2003). A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods. Bar Ilan and Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7233-2.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Luzzatto, Samuel David; Krüger, Marcus Salomon (1873). Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss (in Deutsch). Breslau: Schletter.
Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.
Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
