Sikh gurus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ten Gurus)

Template:Short description Template:DMCA

Page Template:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.

File:Sikh gurus.jpg
A miniature painting, dated 1890, depicting an "imaginary portrait" of the ten gurus and others.[1]
File:Gurus of the Sikhs. Fresco from Dera Nirmala, Tanda-Hoshiarpur.jpg
Gurus of the Sikhs. Fresco from Dera Nirmala, Tanda-Hoshiarpur.

The Sikh gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ; Hindi: सिख गुरु) are the spiritual masters or sources of learning of Sikhism, who established the religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469.[2] The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. Nine other human gurus succeeded him. Then, in 1708, the tenth guru passed the guruship on to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living guru by the followers of the Sikh faith.[3][4] The guruship was also passed on to the Guru Panth, consisting of the Khalsa; however, this form of guruship went into decline following the rise of Ranjit Singh.[5][6]

Etymology and definition

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Guru (/ˈɡuruː/, UK also /ˈɡʊruː, ˈɡʊər-/; Template:Langx, Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ, IAST: guru) is a Sanskrit term for a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of a certain field or area of knowledge.[7] Bhai Vir Singh, in his dictionary of Guru Granth Sahib describes the term guru as a combination of two separate units: "Gu;(ਗੁ)" meaning darkness and "Rū;(ਰੂ)" which means light.[8] Hence, guru is that which brings light into darkness — or, in other words, the one who enlightens. Bhai Vir Singh's definition provides further insight about Sikhism itself and explains why Guru Granth Sahib is considered the living Guru. The word Sikh is derived from the Sanskrit term shishya[9] (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ) which means a disciple or a student. Thus, Sikhs have a student–teacher relationship with their gurus since their teachings, as written in Guru Granth Sahib, serve as a guide for Sikhs.

According to Sikh beliefs, all the Gurus contained the same light or soul and their physical body was a vessel for containing the same essence. When one guru passed, the successor inherited this light and that is why the gurus are also referred to as mahalla (house).[10]

The gurus

No. Name Portrait Birth date Guruship Birthplace Clan Father Mother Date of death Reason Place of death
1 Guru Nanak File:Detail of Guru Nanak from the earliest known painting of all ten Sikh gurus together, with each being identified in golden Persian nasta'liq script, probably painted in Hyderabad, circa 1780.jpg 14 April 1469 [note 1] Since birth Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Delhi Sultanate Bedi Khatri Kalyan Das Bedi Mata Tripta 22 September 1539(1539-09-22) (aged 70) Natural causes Kartarpur, Punjab, Mughal Empire
2 Guru Angad File:Painting of Guru Angad, possibly from an illustrated manuscript of the Gulgashat-i-Punjab.jpg 31 March 1504 7 September 1539 Muktsar, Punjab, Mughal Empire Trehan Khatri Baba Pheru Mal Mata Ramo 29 March 1552(1552-03-29) (aged 47) Natural causes Khadur Sahib, Punjab, Mughal Empire
3 Guru Amar Das File:Painting of Guru Amar Das leaning against a bolster whilst seated on a raised platform on a terrace with a fly-whisk attendant.jpg 5 May 1479 26 April 1552 Amritsar, Punjab, Mughal Empire Bhalla Khatri Tej Bhan Bhalla Mata Lachmi 1 September 1574(1574-09-01) (aged 95) Natural causes Goindval, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
4 Guru Ram Das File:Miniature painting of Guru Ram Das seated outdoors on carpet underneath a tree with a book before him.jpg 24 September 1534 1 September 1574 Lahore, Punjab, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Baba Har Das Mata Daya 1 September 1581(1581-09-01) (aged 46) Natural causes Goindval, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
5 Guru Arjan File:Guru Arjan painting.jpg 15 April 1563 1 September 1581 Goindval, Punjab, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Ram Das Mata Bhani 30 May 1606(1606-05-30) (aged 43) Execution by Mughal Emperor Jahangir Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
6 Guru Hargobind File:Contemporary painting of the sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind. Provincial Mughal school, Deccan, mid-17th century.jpg 19 June 1595 25 May 1606 Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Arjan Mata Ganga 28 February 1644(1644-02-28) (aged 48) Natural causes Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
7 Guru Har Rai File:Painting of Guru Har Rai holding a flower, Pahari style, painted by a Muslim, artwork preserved by the family of Bidhi Chand Chhina.jpg 16 January 1630 3 March 1644 Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Baba Gurditta Mata Nihal Kaur 6 October 1661(1661-10-06) (aged 31) Natural causes Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
8 Guru Har Krishan File:Guru Har Krishan painting.jpg 7 July 1656 7 October 1661 Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Har Rai Mata Krishan Kaur 30 March 1664(1664-03-30) (aged 7) Smallpox Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
9 Guru Tegh Bahadur File:Guru teg bahadur.jpg 1 April 1621 20 March 1664 Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Hargobind Mata Nanaki 11 November 1675(1675-11-11) (aged 54) Execution by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
10 Guru Gobind Singh File:Equestrian portrait of Guru Gobind Singh.png 14 February 1666 11 November 1675 Patna Sahib, Bihar Subah, Mughal Empire Sodhi Khatri Guru Tegh Bahadur Mata Gujri 7 October 1708(1708-10-07) (aged 41) Assassinated by Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg on order of Wazir Khan Hazur Sahib, Bidar Subah, Mughal Empire
11 Guru Panth[5][11][12][6] File:Painting of the establishment of the Khalsa order and Panj Piare institution by Guru Gobind Singh and Mata Jito at Anandpur in 1699, circa 19th century.jpg Vaisakhi, April 1699[13] Kesgarh Qila, Anandpur Sahib, Punjab[14] Casteless[15][16] Guru Gobind Singh (spirtually)[5] Mata Sahib Devan (spiritually)[17] Whilst prevalent in the 18th century, this manner of guruship went into decline following the rise of Ranjit Singh and is seldom evoked today, being overshadowed by the Guru Granth.[5]
Guru Granth Sahib File:Sri Guru Granth Sahib Nishan.jpg 29 August 1604
(date of completion of compilation of the first draft [Adi Granth]) 		20 October 1708 Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
(place of compilation) 		The central holy scripture of Sikhism, regarded as the final, sovereign and eternal Guru.

Timeline

<timeline> ImageSize = width:750 height:auto barincrement:50 PlotArea = left:250 bottom:20 top:0 right:0 Period = from:1469 till:2023 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Alignbars = late Colors = 

 id:1    value:orange
 id:2    value:blue
 id:3    value:blue
 id:4    value:darkblue
 id:5    value:purple
 id:6    value:yellow
 id:7    value:claret
 id:8    value:powderblue
 id:9    value:magenta
 id:10   value:blue
 id:11   value:green

ScaleMajor = increment:100 start:1469 BarData= 

 bar:Nanak text:"Guru Nanak Dev (1469–1539)"
 bar:Angad text:"Guru Angad Dev (1504–1552)"
 bar:Amar  text:"Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)"
 bar:Ram   text:"Guru Ram Das (1534 –1581)"
 bar:Arjan text:"Guru Arjan Dev (1563–1606)"
 bar:Hargobind text:"Guru Hargobind (1595–1644)"
 bar:Har text:"Guru Har Rai (1630–1661)"
 bar:HarK text:"Guru Har Krishan (1656–1664)"
 bar:Tegh text:"Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)"
 bar:Gobind text:"Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708)"
 bar:Granth text:"Guru Granth Sahib (1708–present)"

PlotData= 

 bar:Nanak from:1469 till:1539 color:1
 bar:Angad from:1504 till:1552 color:2
 bar:Amar from:1479 till:1574 color:3
 bar:Ram from:1534 till:1581 color:4
 bar:Arjan from:1563 till:1606 color:5
 bar:Hargobind from:1595 till:1644 color:6
 bar:Har from:1630 till:1661 color:7
 bar:HarK from:1656 till:1669 color:8
 bar:Tegh from:1621 till:1675 color:9
 bar:Gobind from:1666 till:1708 color:10
 bar:Granth from:1708 till:end color:11

</timeline>

Pedigrees

File:'Imaginary Meeting of Guru Nanak, Mardana Sahab, and Other Sikh Gurus', earliest known painting depicting all ten Sikh gurus together with golden nastaliq identifying inscriptions, probably from Hyderabad, ca.1780.jpg
Imaginary Meeting of Guru Nanak and the rest of the Sikh Gurus, Bhai Mardana, and others. 1780 painting

Bansawali Guru Sahiban Ki[note 2]

Base of operations

Guru Nanak founded Kartarpur (Narowal) in the 1520s and remained there until his death in 1539.[18] Nanak's successor, Guru Angad, made his native Khadur his headquarters and remained there throughout his guruship from 1539 to 1551.[18] Guru Amar Das founded Goindwal and resided there from 1551 to 1574.[18] Guru Ram Das established Ramdaspur (now called Amritsar) and remained there from 1574 to 1581.[18] Guru Arjan also resided at Amritsar but also founded the settlements of Kartarpur (Jalandhar), Hargobindpur, and Tarn Taran.[18] Guru Hargobind had Amritsar as his base from 1606–1628 but shifted to Kartarpur between 1628–1634.[18] Guru Hargobind founded Kiratpur in 1634, where he remained until his death in 1644.[18] Guru Har Rai resided at Kiratpur during his guruship, as did Guru Har Krishan.[18] The next Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, founded Anandpur in 1664 and remained there until 1675, yet also travelled to distant areas, such as Dhaka and Patna in eastern India.[18] The tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, remained at Anandpur from 1675–1704.[18] He founded the settlements of Paonta (1685) and Damdama (Bathinda) in 1705, where he remained for two years until he journeyed down south to Nanded, dying in 1708.[18]

See also

Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 404: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

Notes

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Officially observed on Katak Puranmashi (October–November)
  2. ^ Listed names and relations might vary from source to source since different aspects of Sikh history have been written by many individuals over the course of past six centuries

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Sikhs. E.J. Brill. p. 38. ISBN 9004095543.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Sikhs: faith, philosophy & folk. Lustre Press. 1998. ISBN 978-8174360373.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (22 February 2011). "The Granth is Appointed the Guru Eternal". Sikhism: An Introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 54–57. ISBN 9780857719621.
  5. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McLeod, W. H. (24 July 2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 84–86. ISBN 9780810863446. Guru Gobind Singh is traditionally believed to have announced that the personal transmission would end at his death, but that the mystical Guru would remain embodied in the scripture and the corporate Panth. ... GURU PANTH. The Guru Panth was a doctrine particularly suited to the circumstances of the 18th century, providing an effective means of decision making for Sikhs who were divided into several misls. When unification was achieved under Ranjit Singh the practice of eliciting corporate decisions from the Panth was discarded. The doctrine is still maintained today, and efforts are occasionally made to seek the Guru's will by this means. It is, however, seldom invoked. The voice of the Guru is much more commonly sought through the words of the Guru Granth.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sikh Reht Maryada - Other Rites and Conventions: Guru Panth (Panth's Status of Guruhood)". Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  7. ^ Stefan Pertz (2013), The Guru in Me - Critical Perspectives on Management, GRIN Verlag, Template:ISBN, p. 2–3.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Veer (1964). Sri Guru Granth Kosh. p. 122.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Parrinder, Geoffrey (30 August 1983). World religions : from ancient history to the present. Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-87196-129-7.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grewal, J. S.; Habib, Irfan, eds. (2001). Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts. Indian History Congress. Session. New Delhi: Tulika. p. 5. ISBN 81-85229-17-1. OCLC 47024480. The author of the Dabistan refers to the belief of the Sikhs in the unity of Guruship. The spirit of Guru Nanak entered the bodies of his successors - Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das and Guru Arjan. That was why each Guru was referred to as mahal: Guru Nanak as the first mahal, Guru Angad as the second mahal, and in this way Guru Arjan as the fifth mahal. A Sikh who does not regard Guru Arjan as Baba Nanak is not a true Sikh. The firm belief of the Sikhs is that all the Gurus are Nanak. Indeed, Bhai Gurdas underscores the unity of Guruship from Guru Nanak to Guru Hargobind in one of his Vaars. This is reiterated in another Vaar in which the metaphors of light and water are used to emphasize that they all are the same.The idea of the unity of Guruship emphasized by Bhai Gurdas legitimized the succession of Guru Hargobind to face the rival claim of Prithi Chand and his descendants.
  11. ^ Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIII, a.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Sikandar (2012). Sikh heritage : ethos & relics. Roopinder Singh, Paul Michael Taylor. New Delhi. pp. 21, 23. ISBN 978-81-291-1983-4. OCLC 828612294. The ten Gurus organised their disciples into sangats and infused their personality again into the Sikhs. This led to a remarkable development in the institution of 'Guru-ship', which eventually became the Guru Panth, thus bestowing divinity on the people. ... The Sikh assemblies also acquired great sanctity, owing to the belief that the spirit of the Guru lived and moved among them collectively, the whole body being called the panth. This panth follows the path shown by the way the Gurus lived their lives, as also the precepts laid down by them. In turn, it is regarded as an embodiment of the Guru—Guru Panth. In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru, himself received baptism from the five Sikhs he had first initiated. The panth, the assembly and the Guru became one. After his demise, there was no living Guru for the Sikhs. The Shabad, in the presence of the sangat, became the Guru, the guiding light and in presence of Akalpurakh, the Timeless Being. The panth thus was invested with the personality of the Guru, and the incorporated Word became Gyan Guru (knowledge). This panth, called the Khalsa, was to be the Guru in spirit, and was authorised to work with collective responsibility, with Guru Granth Sahib as its guiding spirit.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tatla, Darsham Singh (8 August 2005). The Sikh Diaspora: The Search For Statehood. Routledge. p. 281. ISBN 9781135367442.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dowley, Tim (1 June 2019). A Brief Introduction to Jainism and Sikhism. Fortress Press. p. 102. ISBN 9781506450391.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (2004). O'Brien, Joanne; Palmer, Martin (eds.). World Religions: Sikhism. Infobase Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 9781438117799.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dowley, Tim (1 July 2018). Partridge, Christopher (ed.). A Short Introduction to World Religions. Fortress Press. p. 308. ISBN 9781506446028.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (1 February 2012). The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity (illustrated ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780791482667.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mann, Gurinder Singh (3 May 2001). "Table 1. Towns Associated with the Sikh Gurus". The Making of Sikh Scripture. Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780198029878.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Sikh_gurus&oldid=1173691"