Paphies ventricosa
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| Toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) at Oreti Beach, Southland, New Zealand | |
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Paphies ventricosa, or toheroa (a Māori word meaning "long tongue"),[1] is a large bivalve mollusc of the family Mesodesmatidae, endemic to New Zealand.
Distribution
It is found in both the North and South Islands, but the main habitat is the west coast of the North Island. The best grounds are wide fine-sand beaches where there are extensive sand-dunes, enclosing freshwater, which percolates to the sea, there promoting the growth of diatoms and plankton.[2]
Description
The toheroa is a very large shellfish with a solid white, elongated shell with the apex at the middle. Maximum length is 117 mm, height 81 mm, and thickness 38 mm.
Human use
Toheroa are a traditional food for Māori. Toheroa beds were resources that sometimes led to wars, and the shellfish was translocated across New Zealand using Script error: No such module "Lang". (kelp bags) made from southern bull kelp (Durvillaea poha).[3][4]
The toheroa has long been a popular seafood, often made into a greenish soup.[5] The soup became an international delicacy after the Royal Tour of Prince Edward in 1920, becoming popular in restaurants in New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia. An industry developed around toheroa, including large-scale canning factories.[4]
By the 1950s, toheroa populations had become over-exploited, and there has been a ban on harvesting (except for limited customary purposes) since 1979. However, numbers have not recovered since 1979, due to illegal poaching, poorly policed customary harvesting, vehicle driving on beaches, pollution, reduction in fresh water coming onto beaches, and gas bubble disease.[6]
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edward Samuel. "The Toheroa — New Zealand's Exclusive Shell-fish". The New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 11, Issue 4 (July 1, 1936).
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stace, Glenys (1991). "The elusive toheroa". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Maori shellfish project wins scholarship". SunLive. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ^ a b Template:Cite Q
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Toheroa Soup" (PDF).
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harvie, Will (4 March 2019). "Decades of fishing bans have not rescued seafood delicacy toheroa". Stuff. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- Checklist of New Zealand Mollusca
- Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 Template:ISBN
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