Trade bloc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Trade block)
Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.
[[File:Template:Ambox globe current red|42px|link=|alt=]] | This article needs to be updated. (April 2026) |
A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.
Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the USMCA) or part of a regional organization (such as the European Union). Depending on the level of economic integration, trade blocs can be classified as preferential trading areas, free-trade areas, customs unions, common markets, or economic and monetary unions.[1]
Use
Multilateral free-trade area (AANZFTA, ASEAN, CEFTA, CISFTA, COMESA, CPTPP, EFTA, GAFTA, PAFTA, RCEP, SADCFTA, SAFTA, USMCA)
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbar/configuration' not found. Historic trading blocs include the Hanseatic League, a Northern European economic alliance between the 12th and 17th centuries, and the German Customs Union, formed on the basis of the German Confederation and subsequently the German Empire from 1871. Surges of trade bloc formation occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as in the 1990s after the collapse of Communism. By 1997, more than 50% of all international commerce was conducted within regional trade blocs.[2] Economist Jeffrey J. Schott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics notes that members of successful trade blocs usually share four common traits: similar levels of per capita GNI, geographic proximity, similar or compatible trading regimes, and political commitment to regional organization.[3]
Some advocates of global free trade are opposed to trading blocs. Trade blocs are seen by them to encourage regional free trade at the expense of global free trade.[4] Those who advocate for it claim that global free trade is in the interest of every country, as it would create more opportunities to turn local resources into goods and services that are both currently in demand and will be in demand in the future by consumers.[5] However, scholars and economists continue to debate whether regional trade blocs fragment the global economy or encourage the extension of the existing global multilateral trading system.[6][7]
Terminology
A common market is seen as a stage of economic integration towards an economic union[8] or possibly towards the goal of a unified market.
A single market is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services.[9]
Statistics
Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.
[[File:Template:Ambox globe current red|42px|link=|alt=]] | This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: newer GDP numbers needed. (January 2023) |
| Trade bloc | Population | Gross domestic productPage Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content. (USD) | Members | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2007 | growth | per capita | |||
| Economic and monetary unions | ||||||
| EMU | 324,879,195 | 10,685,946,928,310 | 12,225,304,229,686 | 14.41% | 37,630 | 17
|
| OECS (sovereign states) | 593,905 | 3,752,679,562 | 3,998,281,731 | 6.54% | 6,732 | 6
|
| OII | 504,476 | 12,264,278,329 | 14,165,953,200 | 15.51% | 28,081 | 3
|
| CCCM | 6,418,417 | 39,616,485,623 | 43,967,600,765 | 10.98% | 6,850 | 12
|
| Customs and monetary unions | ||||||
| CEMAC | 39,278,645 | 51,265,460,685 | 58,519,380,755 | 14.15% | 1,490 | 6
|
| UEMOA | 90,299,945 | 50,395,629,494 | 58,453,871,283 | 15.99% | 647 | 8
|
| Customs unions | ||||||
| CAN | 96,924,486 | 281,269,141,372 | 334,172,968,648 | 18.81% | 3,448 | 4
|
| EAC | 127,107,838 | 49,882,030,443 | 61,345,180,041 | 22.98% | 483 | 5
|
| EUCU | 574,602,745 | 15,331,827,900,202 | 17,679,376,474,719 | 15.31% | 30,768 | 33
|
| GCC | 36,154,528 | 724,460,151,595 | 802,641,302,477 | 10.79% | 22,200 | 6
|
| MERCOSUR | 271,304,946 | 1,517,510,000,000 | 1,886,817,000,000 | 12.44% | 9,757 | 5
|
| SACU | 58,000,000 | 1,499,811,549,187 | 1,848,337,158,281 | 23.24% | 6,885 | 5
|
| Preferential trade areas and Free trade areas | ||||||
| AANZFTA-ASEAN+3 | 2,085,858,841 | 10,216,029,899,764 | 11,323,947,181,804 | 10.84% | 5,429 | 15
|
| ALADI | 499,807,662 | 2,823,198,095,131 | 3,292,088,771,480 | 16.61% | 6,587 | |
| AFTZ | 553,915,405 | 643,541,709,413 | 739,927,625,273 | 14.98% | 1,336 | 26
|
| APTA | 2,714,464,027 | 4,868,614,302,744 | 5,828,692,637,764 | 19.72% | 2,147 | 6
|
| CARIFORUM-EUCU-OCTs | 592,083,950 | 15,437,771,092,522 | 17,798,283,524,961 | 15.29% | 30,060 | 67
|
| CACM | 37,388,063 | 87,209,524,889 | 97,718,800,794 | 12.05% | 2,614 | 5
|
| CEFTA | 27,968,711 | 110,263,802,023 | 135,404,501,031 | 22.80% | 4,841 | 8
|
| CISFTA | 272,897,834 | 1,271,909,586,018 | 1,661,429,920,721 | 30.62% | 6,088 | 11
|
| DR-CAFTA-US | 356,964,477 | 13,345,469,865,037 | 14,008,686,684,089 | 4.97% | 39,244 | 7
|
| ECOWAS | 283,096,250 | 215,999,071,943 | 255,784,634,128 | 18.42% | 904 | 15
|
| EEA (EU + EFTA) | 499,620,521 | 14,924,076,504,592 | 17,186,876,431,709 | 15.16% | 34,400 | 30
|
| EFTA-SACU | 68,199,991 | 1,021,509,931,918 | 1,139,385,636,888 | 11.54% | 16,707 | |
| EAEC | 207,033,990 | 1,125,634,333,117 | 1,465,256,182,498 | 30.17% | 7,077 | 6
|
| USMCA | 449,227,672 | 15,337,094,304,218 | 16,189,097,801,318 | 5.56% | 36,038 | 3
|
| TPP | 25,639,622 | 401,810,366,865 | 468,101,167,294 | 16.50% | 18,257 | 4
|
| SAARC | 1,567,187,373 | 1,162,684,650,544 | 1,428,392,756,312 | 22.85% | 911 | 8
|
| SPARTECA | 35,079,659 | 918,557,785,031 | 1,102,745,750,172 | 20.05% | 31,435 | |
| Pacific Alliance | 218,649,115 | 1,371,197,216,140 | 1,525,825,175,045 | 11.28% | 6,978 | 4
|
Comparison between regional trade blocs
| Activities | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regional bloc | Free Trade Area | Economic and monetary union | Free Travel | Political pact | Defence pact | Other | ||||
| Customs union | Single market | Currency union | Visa-free | Border-less | ||||||
| EU | in force | in force7 | in force2 | in force1 | in force | in force (Schengen1, 7, NPU and CTA1) |
in force | in force (CFSP/ESDP1) |
ESA1, 7 | |
| EFTA | in force | in force2, 7 | in force | in force1, 7 | in force1, 7 | ESA1, 7 | ||||
| CARICOM | in force | in force | in force 1 | in force1 and proposed common |
in force1 | proposed | proposed | NWFZ | ||
| AU | ECOWAS | in force1, 3 | in force1 | proposed[10][11] | in force1 and proposed for 20121 and proposed common |
in force1 | proposed | proposed | in force | NWFZ1 |
| ECCAS | in force1 | African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA)1 | in force1 | proposed | in force1 | in force | in force | NWFZ1 | ||
| EAC | in force | in force | proposed for 2020s | proposed for 2024 | proposed | ? | proposed for 2023 | NWFZ1 | ||
| SADC | in force1 | in force1 | proposed for 2015 | de facto in force1 and proposed common for 2016 | proposed[12] | NWFZ1 | ||||
| COMESA | in force1 | proposed for 2010 | ? | proposed for 2018 | NWFZ1 | |||||
| Common | in force1 | proposed for 2019 | proposed for 2023 | proposed for 2028 | proposed for 2028 | NWFZ1 | ||||
| Pacific Alliance | in force | in force | NWFZ | |||||||
| USAN | MERCOSUR | in force | in force | proposed for 2015[13] | in force | proposed for 2014[14] | NWFZ | |||
| CAN | in force | in force1 | proposed1[15] | in force | NWFZ | |||||
| Common | proposed for 20144 | proposed for not after 2019 | proposed for 2019 | proposed for 2019 | in force[16] | proposed for 2019 | proposed | in force | NWFZ | |
| EEU | in force | in force1 | in force | proposed[17] | in force[18] | in force1 | ||||
| AL | GCC | in force | in force[19] | proposed | proposed1 | in force | in force | |||
| Common | in force1 | proposed for 2015 | proposed for 2020 | proposed | proposed[20] | |||||
| ASEAN | in force5 | proposed for 2015[21] | proposed8[22] | in force[23] | proposed for 2015[24] | proposed for 2020[25] | NWFZ | |||
| CAIS | in force1 | proposed | ? | in force1 | in force1 | proposed | NWFZ | |||
| CEFTA | in force | RCC7 | ||||||||
| USMCA | in force | in force 1 | in force1, 7 | |||||||
| SAARC | in force1, 6 | proposed | proposed | in force9 | ||||||
| PIF | proposed for 20211 | NWFZ1 | ||||||||
Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.
1 not all members participating
2 involving goods, services, telecommunications, transport (full liberalisation of railways from 2012), energy (full liberalisation from 2007)
3 telecommunications, transport and energy - proposed
4 sensitive goods to be covered from 2019
2 involving goods, services, telecommunications, transport (full liberalisation of railways from 2012), energy (full liberalisation from 2007)
3 telecommunications, transport and energy - proposed
4 sensitive goods to be covered from 2019
5 least developed members to join from 2012
6 least developed members to join from 2017
7 Additionally some non member states also participate (the European Union, EFTA have overlapping membership and various common initiatives regarding the European integration).
8 Additionally some non member states also participate (ASEAN Plus Three)
9 Limited to "entitled persons" and duration of one year.
Lists of trade blocs
- List of preferential trade areas
- Lists of free trade agreements
- List of customs unions
- List of common markets
- List of economic unions
- List of monetary unions
- List of customs and monetary unions
- List of economic and monetary unions
-
-
Customs unions worldwide -
Free trade areas worldwide -
See also
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 404: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Mansfield and Milner 2005, 333.
- ^ Milner 2002, 450.
- ^ Schott 1991, 2.
- ^ O'Loughlin and Anselin 1996, 136.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lal, Deepak (1993). "Trade Blocs and Multilateral Free Trade" (PDF). Journal of Common Market Studies. 31 (3): 349–358. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.1993.tb00468.x.
- ^ Milner 2002, 458.
- ^ Mansfield and Milner 2005, 330.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Stages of Economic Integration: From Autarky to Economic Union".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Trade: Chapter 110-2: Economic Integration: Overview". internationalecon.com.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."WT/COMTD/N/11". wto.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-25.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."WT/COMTD/N/21". wto.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Prensa Latina". Prensa Latina. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."WT/REG238/M/1". wto.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definidos critérios para o Parlamento do Mercosul". Senado Federal – Notícias. February 3, 2007.
- ^ Twelfth Andean Presidential Council Act of Lima Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."?". CNN. February 3, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus form Eurasian Economic Union". Washington Post. May 29, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Archived". www.itar-tass.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GCC customs union fully operational". The Peninsula. 2016-08-13. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ Yemen Proposes Replacing Arab League With Arab Union, Agence France-Presse, 11 February 2004
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Asean Trade Mins Meet To Speed Up Plans For Single Market". Malaysia Dual Lingual Business News. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Envisioning a single Asian currency". International Herald Tribune. February 3, 2007.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ASEAN To Sign Accord On Visa-Free Travel". AHN – All Headline News. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ASEAN Leaders Sign Five Agreements at the 12th ASEAN Summit, Cebu, the Philippines, 13 January 2007" (Press release). ASEAN Secretariat. 2007-01-13. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
On the first day of the 12th ASEAN Summit, five Agreements have been signed by ASEAN leaders – reinforcing their commitment in the continuing integration of ASEAN and enhancing political, economic and social cooperation in the region.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ASEAN defense ministers aim for security community". ABS-CBN. February 3, 2007. Archived from the original on June 27, 2006.
Bibliography
Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.
- Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner, "The New Wave of Regionalism" in Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diehl, Paul F. (2005). The Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations in an Interdependent World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-654-8.
- Milner, Helen V., "International Trade" in Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carlsnaes, Walter; Thomas Risse; Beth A. Simmons (2002). Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-6304-2.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.O'Loughlin, John; Luc Anselin (1996). "Geo-Economic Competition and Trade Bloc Formation: United States, German, and Japanese Exports, 1968–1992". Economic Geography. 72 (2): 131–160. doi:10.2307/144263. JSTOR 144263.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schott, Jeffrey J. (1991). "Trading blocs and the world trading system". World Economy. 14 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.1991.tb00748.x.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.
