Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office

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Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office
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The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO), also known as Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (TECO), Taipei Representative Office (TRO) or Taipei Mission, is an alternative diplomatic institution serving as a de facto embassy or a consulate of the Republic of China (ROC, commonly referred to as Taiwan) to exercise the foreign affairs and consular services in specific countries which have established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly referred to as China). The PRC denies the legitimacy of the ROC as a sovereign state and claims the ROC-controlled territories as an integral part of its territory. An exclusive mandate, namely One-China principle, requires that any country wishing to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first sever any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, "non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRC—in effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei."[1][2] As a result, these countries only allow the ROC to establish representative offices instead of a fully-fledged embassy or consulate for the purpose of conducting practical bilateral relations without granting full diplomatic recognition.

Except in Lithuania[3] and Somaliland (opened in 2020), all offices use the capital city "Taipei" and refrain from using the name "Taiwan" or the "Republic of China", since the term "Taipei" avoids implying that Taiwan is a different country on par with the PRC or that there are "Two Chinas", the PRC and the ROC, in order to diminish the obstacles of building pragmatic diplomacy and sidestep the political status of Taiwan. The first attempt of using the name "Taiwan" in a Taiwanese diplomatic mission within a non-diplomatic state was when Lithuania broke the tradition with the name Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania in 2021. In response the PRC expelled Lithuania's embassy staff from Beijing and downgraded diplomatic relations to charge d'affaires status.[4] Attempts by other countries, including Fiji, to allow ROC government to change the representative office to indicate "Taiwan" later failed and were reversed under pressure from PRC government.[5]

On the other side, offices located in Taiwan usually also use the term "Taipei", though the United States, Japan, and Somaliland (but not Lithuania) use "Taiwan" (for example the American Institute in Taiwan).

TECROs state that their aim is "to promote bilateral trade, investment, culture, science and technology exchanges and cooperation, as well as better understanding", and provide common consular services towards overseas Taiwanese, such as issuing visas and passports.

TECROs in the United States enjoy many diplomatic privileges such as extraterritoriality, providing consular protection and their staff have diplomatic immunity.[6] Other countries also establish reciprocal representative offices in Taiwan, such as the American Institute in Taiwan, Canadian Trade Office in Taipei and Japan–Taiwan Exchange Association.

History

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Following the admission of the PRC to the United Nations in 1971, many countries began to establish diplomatic relations with the government in Beijing, and as a consequence, ended diplomatic relations with the Nanjing-based ROC Government stationed in Taipei.[7] In order to maintain trade and cultural ties with countries with which it no longer had diplomatic relations, Taiwan established representative offices in these countries, often replacing its former embassies.

Before the 1990s, the names of these offices would vary considerably from country to country, usually omitting any reference to "Taiwan" or "Republic of China", instead referring to "East Asia", "Far East" or "Free China".[8] They would also describe themselves as "centres" or "offices", concerned with trade, tourism, culture or information, thereby emphasising their private and unofficial status, despite being staffed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs personnel.

For example, in Japan, the former ROC Embassy was replaced by the "Association of East Asian Relations" (AEAR) in 1972.[9] In Malaysia, following the closure of the consulate general in Kuala Lumpur in 1974, an office known as the Far East Travel and Trade Centre was established.[10] In the Philippines, the former embassy in Manila was replaced by the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center", established in 1975.[9] In Thailand, the former embassy in Bangkok was replaced by the "Office of the Representative of China Airlines" in 1975.[11] This was later renamed the Far East Trade Office in 1980.[10]

In the United States, Taipei's mission, established in 1979, was known as the "Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (CCNAA).[12] As of 2019, it has been renamed "Taiwan Council for US Affairs."[13]

In the United Kingdom, Taiwan was represented by the "Free Chinese Centre", established in 1963.[14] In West Germany, it was represented by a Büro der Fernost-Informationen ("Far East Information Office") established in 1972.[15] In Spain, the office, established in 1973, was known as the Centro Sun Yat-sen ("Sun Yat-sen Centre").[16] In the Netherlands, the office was known as the "Far East Trade Office".[16]

However, in the late 1980s, these offices began using the name "Taipei" in their titles due to confusion on their functions, particular those needing visa to travel to ROC areas. Using the "Taipei" is more familiar as it was recently used in the Olympics after "Chinese Taipei" Olympics team rejoined in 1981. In May 1992, the AEAR offices in Japan became Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices.[17] The "Free Chinese Centre" in London was similarly renamed the "Taipei Representative Office".[18] In September 1994, the Clinton Administration announced that the CCNAA office in Washington could similarly be called the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office.[19]

The building hosting TECO branch office in Sydney, Australia

Earlier in 1989, the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" in Manila became the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines".[20] In 1991, the "Taiwan Marketing Service" office in Canberra, Australia, established in 1988, also became a "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office", along with the "Far East Trading Company" offices in Sydney and Melbourne.[21]

Other names are still used elsewhere; for example, the mission in Moscow is formally known as the "Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission",[22] the mission in New Delhi is known as the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Center".[23] The mission in Pretoria is known as the "Taipei Liaison Office".[24]

The two most recent ones to change their official names, in Papua New Guinea and in Jordan, both use the name Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (Template:Zh).

TECRO in the United States

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TECRO in Japan

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File:Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Japan 20080811.jpg
TECRO in Japan

Diplomatic relations between the Republic of China and Japan were broken off in September 1972. For practical reasons, the Association of East Asian Relations (AEAR), was established two months after the Japan-China Joint Communique was signed. EARA had offices in Taipei, Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka.[25] In 1992, Japan authorized the change in name of AEAR to TECRO.[26]

Representations in the PRC special administrative regions

Hong Kong

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In Hong Kong, from 1966, Taiwan was represented by the 'Chung Hwa Travel Service', a name chosen to avoid upsetting Beijing.[27] On 20 July 2011, as a result of warming relations between Taiwan and Beijing, the name was formally changed to the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, bringing it into line with other Republic of China representative offices around the world.[28]

Macau

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In Macau, from 1989 to 1999, Taiwan was represented by the 'Taipei Trade and Tourism Office', Taiwan's first-time representation in Macau after Kuomintang's expulsion from Macau as the consequence of the December 3rd Incident in 1966. From 1999 to 2011, Taiwan was represented by the 'Taipei Economic and Cultural Center'. On 13 May 2012, the name was formally changed to the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office.[29]

Taipei Representative Office in Norway

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Taipei Representative Office in Norway
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Agency overview
Formed1980 (as Taipei Trade Centre)[16]
Dissolved30 September 2017
HeadquartersOslo, Norway

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The Taipei Representative Office in Norway (Template:Zh) was established in 1980.[30]

In July 2017, the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the office will be suspended on 30 September 2017 and affairs related to Taiwanese in the country will be handled by Taipei Mission in Sweden. The decision was made to improve the efficiency of the foreign diplomatic missions of Taiwan.[31]

Taipei representative offices around the world

The list below shows the countries or regions where TECROs/TROs are established.

G20 nations

Country or Region Office Name Representative Website
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Argentina Miguel Tsao [1]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia Elliott Charng [2]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Brazil Chang Tsung-che [3]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canada Winston Chen [4]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in France Wu Chih-chung[32] [5]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in the Federal Republic of Germany Shieh Jhy-wey [6]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Trade Office, Jakarta, Indonesia John C. Chen [7]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in India Tien Chung-kwang [8]
Script error: No such module "flag". Ufficio di Rappresentanza di Taipei in Italia Lee Sing-ying [9]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Japan Frank Hsieh [10]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Mexico Carlos Liao [11]
Script error: No such module "flag". Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission Chen Chun-shen [12]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Saudi Arabia Lin Jinn-jong [13]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa Oliver Liao [14]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Mission in South Korea Daniel Diann-wen Tang [15]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Mission in Ankara James Chen [16]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in the United Kingdom Vincent Yao [17]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States Alexander Yui [18]

Other countries

Country or Region Office Name Representative Website
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Culture Office in Austria Katharine Chang [19]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Trade Office in the Kingdom of Bahrain Michael Chen [20]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium Tung Kuo-yu [21]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Brunei Darussalam Vanessa Shih [22]
Script error: No such module "flag". Oficina Económica y Cultural de Taipei en Chile Silvia Liu [23]
Script error: No such module "flag". Oficina Comercial de Taipei en Bogotá, Colombia Francisca Y.T.Chang [24]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Prague, Czech Republic Ke Liang-ruey [25]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Denmark Lee Shying-jow [26]
Script error: No such module "flag". Oficina Comercial de Taipei Rolando Chuang [27]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Trade office in Fiji Paul Chen [28]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Finland Janet Chang [29]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Greece Sherman S. Kuo [30]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Guam Paul Yin-Lien Chen [31]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong James Chu[33] [32]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Budapest Liu Shih-chung [33]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Ireland Yang Tzu-pao [34]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Tel Aviv Abby Ya-ping Lee[34] [35]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Ivory Coast [36]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Jordan Ismail Mae [37]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Commercial Representative Office in the State of Kuwait Liu Kuo-hsing [38]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Mission in the Republic of Latvia Andy Chin [39]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania Constance H. Wang [40]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau Lu Chang-shui[35] [41]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia Lo Yu-chung [42]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Trade and Economic Representative Office in Ulaanbaatar Yang Syin-yi [43]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Myanmar Zhang Jun[36] [44]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in the Netherlands James Lee [45]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New Zealand Charng Yii-Lih [46]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Trade Office in the Federal Republic of Nigeria Morgan Chao [47]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Muscat, Oman Liao Kang-min [48]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Papua New Guinea Ben Wang [49]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Peru Francisca Yu-Tsz Chang [50]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines Lin Song-huann [51]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Poland Chen Ming-cheng[37] [52]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre in Portugal Her Jian-gueng [53]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office in Singapore Tung Chen-yuan [54]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Representative Office, Bratislava David Nan-yang Lee [55]
File:Flag of Somaliland.svg Somaliland Taiwan Representative Office in the Republic of Somaliland Allen C. Lou [56]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Spain José María Liu [57]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Mission in Sweden Daniel Liao [58]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Cultural and Economic Delegation in Switzerland Liu Bang-zyh [59]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Thailand Tung Chen-yuan [60]
Script error: No such module "flag". The Commercial Office of Taipei, Dubai, U.A.E. Samee Chang [61]
Script error: No such module "flag". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Vietnam Richard R. C. Shih [62]

Former representative offices

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Erikson, Daniel P.; Chen, Janice (2007). "China, Taiwan, and the Battle for Latin America". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 31 (2): 71.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."首頁 - the Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania 駐立陶宛台灣代表處".
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."China downgrades Lithuania's diplomatic status over Taiwan row". 21 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Fiji restored Taipei office name on China pressure - Taipei Times". 23 June 2023.
  6. ^ New US diplomatic immunity pact a breakthrough: MOFA Script error: No such module "webarchive"., The China Post, February 6, 2013
  7. ^ The Road Less Traveled Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Taiwan Review, September 1, 2002
  8. ^ China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Richard L. Edmonds, Cambridge University Press, 2002, page 141
  9. ^ a b International Law of Recognition and the Status of the Republic of China Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Hungdah Chiu, in The United States and the Republic of China: Democratic Friends, Strategic Allies, and Economic Partners, Steven W. Mosher Transaction Publishers, 1992, page 24
  10. ^ a b Foreign Policy of the New Taiwan: Pragmatic Diplomacy in Southeast Asia Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Jie Chen, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002, page 82
  11. ^ The Changing Political Economy of Taiwan's and China's Relations with Southeast Asia: A Comparative Perspective Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Samuel C Y Ku in China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenge, Ho Khai Leong, Samuel C Y Ku, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005, page 259
  12. ^ Memorandum of Understanding between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs on the Exchange of Information Concerning Commodity Futures and Options Matters Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Signed at Arlington, Virginia this 11th day of January 1993
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taiwan changes name of office in the U.S. To ... | Taiwan News". 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  14. ^ The Cold War's Odd Couple: The Unintended Partnership Between the Republic of China and the UK, 1950–1958 Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Steven Tsang, I.B.Tauris, 2006, page 39
  15. ^ Die Beziehungen zwischen Taiwan und Deutschland[permanent dead link], Taipeh Vertretung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
  16. ^ a b c Pretence of Privatisation: Taiwan's External Relations Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Françoise Mengin, in Privatising the State, Béatrice Hibou, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004, pages 154
  17. ^ Republic of China Yearbook Script error: No such module "webarchive". Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1998, 145
  18. ^ Former diplomats to Great Britain remember Thatcher Script error: No such module "webarchive"., The China Post, 10 April 2013
  19. ^ Taiwan's Relations with Mainland China: A Tail Wagging Two Dogs Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Chi Su Routledge, 2008, page 31
  20. ^ Ensuring Interests: Dynamics of China-Taiwan Relations and Southeast Asia Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Khai Leong Ho, Guozhong He, Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, 2006, page 25
  21. ^ Australia and China: Partners in Asia Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Colin Mackerras, Macmillan Education, 1996, page 33
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.外交部 (9 January 2015). "中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網". 中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  23. ^ MoU between India-Taipei Association (ITA) in Taipei and Taipei Economic and Cultural Center (TECC) in India on cooperation in the field of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Cabinet, 14 October 2015
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Team, Internet. "首頁 - 駐南非共和國台北聯絡代表處 Taipei Liaison Office in the RSA". www.roc-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  25. ^ The International Law of Recognition and the Status of the Republic of China Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Hungdah Chiu in The United States and the Republic of China: Democratic Friends, Strategic Allies, and Economic Partners, Steven W. Mosher, Transaction Publishers, 1992, page 24
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Republic of China Yearbook. Kwang Hwa Publishing Company. 1998. p. 145. ISBN 9789570211795. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
  27. ^ Is name change a game changer? Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Taipei Times, 17 July 2011
  28. ^ Taiwan changes name of HK office Script error: No such module "webarchive"., RTHK News, 15 July 2011
  29. ^ Macau representative office in Taiwan opens Script error: No such module "webarchive". The China Post, May 14, 2012
  30. ^ A Pretence of Privatisation: Taiwan's External Relations Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Françoise Mengin, in Privatising the State, Béatrice Hibou, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004, pages 154
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hou, Elaine (27 July 2017). "Taiwan suspending operations at 3 overseas offices". Focus Taiwan. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Team, Internet. "Le Représentant de Taïwan en France". Bureau de Représentation de Taipei en France 駐法國台北代表處. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Activity Highlights". Eccpc.org.hk. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taiwan's new representative to Israel to assume duties this week | Politics | FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". Focustaiwan.tw. 9 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Taiwan's man in Macau has creative approach". Macau Business Daily. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."駐緬甸代表訪問緬北僑社及僑校". 駐緬甸台北經濟文化辦事處 (Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Myanmar). Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  37. ^ Two diplomats sworn in before departing for Poland, India Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Focus Taiwan, July 8, 2015

Further reading

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