Transit-timing variation

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File:201008-2a PlanetOrbits 16x9- Transit timing of 1-planet vs 2-planet systems.ogv
Animation showing difference between planet transit timing of 1-planet and 2-planet systems. Credit: NASA/Kepler Mission.

Transit-timing variation is a method for detecting exoplanets by observing variations in the timing of a transit. This provides an extremely sensitive method capable of detecting additional planets in the system with masses potentially as small as that of Earth. In tightly packed planetary systems, the gravitational pull of the planets among themselves causes one planet to accelerate and another planet to decelerate along its orbit. The acceleration causes the orbital period of each planet to change. Detecting this effect by measuring the change is known as transit-timing variations.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] "Timing variation" asks whether the transit occurs with strict periodicity or if there exists a variation.

The first significant detection of a non-transiting planet using transit-timing variations was carried out with NASA's Kepler telescope. The transiting planet Kepler-19b shows transit-timing variation with an amplitude of 5 minutes and a period of about 300 days, indicating the presence of a second planet, Kepler-19c, which has a period that is a near-rational multiple of the period of the transiting planet.[8][9]

In 2010, researchers proposed a second planet orbiting WASP-3 based on transit-timing variation,[10][11] but this proposal was debunked in 2012.[12]

Transit-timing variation was first convincingly detected for planets Kepler-9b and Kepler-9c [13] and gained popularity by 2012 for confirming exoplanet discoveries.[14]

TTV can also be used to indirectly measure the mass of the exoplanets in compact, multiple-planet systems and/or system whose planets are in resonant chains. By performing a series of analytical (TTVFaster[15]) and numerical (TTVFast[16] and Mercury[17]) n-body integrations of a system of six gravitationally interacting, co-planar planets, the initial mass estimates for the six inner planets of TRAPPIST-1, along with their orbital eccentricities, were determined.[18]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Transit Timing Variation (TTV) Planet-finding Technique Begins to Flower".
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Steffen, Jason H.; Fabrycky, Daniel C.; Agol, Eric; Ford, Eric B.; Morehead, Robert C.; Cochran, William D.; Lissauer, Jack J.; Adams, Elisabeth R.; Borucki, William J.; Bryson, Steve; Caldwell, Douglas A.; Dupree, Andrea; Jenkins, Jon M.; Robertson, Paul; Rowe, Jason F.; Seader, Shawn; Thompson, Susan; Twicken, Joseph D. (2013). "Transit timing observations from Kepler – VII. Confirmation of 27 planets in 13 multiplanet systems via transit timing variations and orbital stability". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (2): 1077–1087. arXiv:1208.3499. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.428.1077S. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts090. S2CID 14676852.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xie, Ji-Wei (2013). "Transit Timing Variation of Near-Resonance Planetary Pairs: Confirmation of 12 Multiple-Planet Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 208 (2): 22. arXiv:1208.3312. Bibcode:2013ApJS..208...22X. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/22. S2CID 17160267.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yang, Ming; Liu, Hui-Gen; Zhang, Hui; Yang, Jia-Yi; Zhou, Ji-Lin (2013). "Eight Planets in Four Multi-planet Systems via Transit Timing Variations in 1350 Days". The Astrophysical Journal. 778 (2): 110. arXiv:1308.0996. Bibcode:2013ApJ...778..110Y. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/110.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Miralda-Escude (2001). "Orbital perturbations on transiting planets: A possible method to measure stellar quadrupoles and to detect Earth-mass planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 564 (2): 1019–1023. arXiv:astro-ph/0104034. Bibcode:2002ApJ...564.1019M. doi:10.1086/324279. S2CID 7536842.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holman; Murray (2005). "The Use of Transit Timing to Detect Extrasolar Planets with Masses as Small as Earth". Science. 307 (1291): 1288–91. arXiv:astro-ph/0412028. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1288H. doi:10.1126/science.1107822. PMID 15731449. S2CID 41861725.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Agol; Sari; Steffen; Clarkson (2005). "On detecting terrestrial planets with timing of giant planet transits". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 359 (2): 567–579. arXiv:astro-ph/0412032. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.359..567A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08922.x. S2CID 16196696.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Invisible World Discovered". NASA Kepler News. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ballard, S.; Fabrycky, D.; Fressin, F.; Charbonneau, D.; Desert, J.-M.; Torres, G.; Marcy, G.; Burke, C. J.; Isaacson, H.; Henze, C.; Steffen, J. H.; Ciardi, D. R.; Howell, S. B.; Cochran, W. D.; Endl, M.; Bryson, S. T.; Rowe, J. F.; Holman, M. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Jenkins, J. M.; Still, M.; Ford, E. B.; Christiansen, J. L.; Middour, C. K.; Haas, M. R.; Li, J.; Hall, J. R.; McCauliff, S.; Batalha, N. M.; Koch, D. G.; Borucki, W. J. (2011), "The Kepler-19 System: A Transiting 2.2 R🜨 Planet and a Second Planet Detected via Transit Timing Variations", Astrophysical Journal, 743 (2): 200, arXiv:1109.1561, Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..200B, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/200, S2CID 42698813
  10. ^ Planet found tugging on transits Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Astronomy Now, 9 July 2010
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maciejewski, G.; Dimitrov, D.; Neuhäuser, R.; Niedzielski, A.; Raetz, S.; Ginski, C.; Adam, C.; Marka, C.; Moualla, M.; Mugrauer, M. (2010), "Transit timing variation in exoplanet WASP-3b", MNRAS, 407 (4): 2625, arXiv:1006.1348, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.407.2625M, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17099.x, S2CID 120998224
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.M Montalto; et al. (Nov 2, 2012). "A new analysis of the WASP-3 system: no evidence for an additional companion". MNRAS. 427 (4): 2757–2771. arXiv:1211.0218. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427.2757M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21926.x. S2CID 59381004.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrington, J.D. (26 August 2010). "NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Two Planets Transiting Same Star". nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Johnson, Michele (26 January 2012). "NASA's Kepler Announces 11 Planetary Systems Hosting 26 Planets". nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Agol, E.; Deck, K. (2016), "Transit Timing to First Order in Eccentricity", Astrophysical Journal, 818 (2): 177, arXiv:1509.01623, Bibcode:2016ApJ...818..177A, doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/177, S2CID 38941103
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Deck, K. M.; Agol, E.; Holman, M. J.; Nesvorný, D. (2014), "TTVFast: An Efficient and Accurate Code for Transit Timing Inversion Problems", Astrophysical Journal, 787 (2): 132, arXiv:1403.1895, Bibcode:2014ApJ...787..132D, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/132, S2CID 53965722
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chambers, J. E. (1999), "A hybrid symplectic integrator that permits close encounters between massive bodies", MNRAS, 304 (4): 793–799, Bibcode:1999MNRAS.304..793C, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.25.3257, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02379.x
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gillon, M.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Demory, B.-O.; Jehin, E.; Agol, E.; Deck, K. M.; Lederer, S. M.; de, Wit J.; Burdanov, A.; Ingalls, J. G.; Bolmont, E.; Leconte, J.; Raymond, S. N.; Selsis, F.; Turbet, M.; Barkaoui, K.; Burgasser, A.; Burleigh, M. R.; Carey, S. J.; Chaushev, A.; Copperwheat, C. M.; Delrez, L.; Fernandes, C. S.; Holdsworth, D. L.; Kotze, E. J.; Van, Grootel V.; Almleaky, Y.; Benkhaldoun, Z.; Magain, P.; Queloz, D. (2017), "Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1", Nature, 542 (7642): 456–460, arXiv:1703.01424, Bibcode:2017Natur.542..456G, doi:10.1038/nature21360, PMC 5330437, PMID 28230125

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