Transliteration

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Transliteration is the attempt to represent the text of one language in the writing system of another. For instance, for the Greek term ⟨Script error: No such module "Lang".⟩, which is usually translated as 'Hellenic Republic', the usual transliteration into the Latin script (romanization) is ⟨Template:Translit⟩;[citation needed] and the Russian term ⟨Script error: No such module "Lang".⟩, which is usually translated as 'Russian Republic', can be transliterated either as ⟨Template:Translit⟩ or alternatively as ⟨Template:Translit⟩.

Transliteration is the process of representing or intending to represent a word, phrase, or text in a different script or writing system. Transliterations are designed to convey the pronunciation of the original word in a different script, allowing readers or speakers of that script to approximate the sounds and pronunciation of the original word. Transliterations do not change the pronunciation of the word. Thus, in the Greek example above, ⟨λλ⟩ is transliterated as ⟨ll⟩, though it is pronounced exactly the same way as ⟨l⟩, i.e. [l]; likewise, ⟨Δ⟩ is transliterated as ⟨D⟩, though pronounced as [ð] rather than [d], and ⟨η⟩ is transliterated ⟨ē⟩, though pronounced as [i] (exactly like ⟨ι⟩) rather than [e] or [ɛ], and is not a long vowel.

Transcription, conversely, seeks to capture sound, but phonetically approximate it into the new script; ⟨Script error: No such module "Lang".⟩ corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Here, ⟨ή⟩ palatalizes the preceding ⟨κ⟩, and thus is represented in IPA with [c], the palatal allophone of /k/. Likewise, the tonos diacritic ⟨΄⟩ to denote stress of a syllable is transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA in IPA.

Angle brackets Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.⟨ ⟩ may be used to set off transliteration, as opposed to slashes Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content./ / for phonemic transcription and square brackets Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.[ ] for phonetic transcription. Angle brackets may also be used to set off characters in the original script. Conventions and author preferences vary.

Definitions

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Systematic transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, typically grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one, so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.

Transliteration, which adapts written form without altering the pronunciation when spoken out, is opposed to letter transcription, which is a letter by letter conversion of one language into another writing system. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the target script, for some specific pair of source and target language. Transliteration may be very close to letter-by-letter transcription if the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages.

For many script pairs, there are one or more standard transliteration systems. However, unsystematic transliteration is common, as for Burmese, for instance.

Difference from transcription

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In Modern Greek, the letters ⟨η, ι, υ⟩ and the letter combinations ⟨ει, oι, υι⟩ are pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA". (except when pronounced as semivowels), and a modern transcription renders them as ⟨i⟩. However, a transliteration distinguishes them; for example, by transliterating them as ⟨ē, i, y⟩ and ⟨ei, oi, yi⟩. (As the ancient pronunciation of ⟨η⟩ was Script error: No such module "IPA"., it is often transliterated as ⟨ē⟩.) On the other hand, ⟨αυ, ευ, ηυ⟩ are pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA"., and are voiced to Script error: No such module "IPA". when followed by a voiced consonant – a shift from Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "IPA".. A transliteration would render them all as ⟨au, eu, iu⟩ no matter the environment these sounds are in, reflecting the traditional orthography of Ancient Greek, yet a transcription would distinguish them, based on their phonemic and allophonic pronunciations in Modern Greek. Furthermore, the initial letter ⟨h⟩ reflecting the historical rough breathing ⟨ ̔⟩ in words such as ⟨Template:Translit⟩ would intuitively be omitted in transcription for Modern Greek, as Modern Greek no longer has the Script error: No such module "IPA". sound.

Greek word Transliteration Transcription English translation
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". 'Hellenic Republic'
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". 'Freedom, Liberty'
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". 'Gospel'
Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang". 'of the sons'

Challenges

A simple example of difficulties in transliteration is the Arabic letter qāf. It is pronounced, in literary Arabic, approximately like English [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula, but the pronunciation varies between different dialects of Arabic. The letter is sometimes transliterated into "g", sometimes into "q" or "'" (for in Egypt it is silent) and rarely even into "k" in English.[1] Another example is the Russian letter "Х" (kha). It is pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative Script error: No such module "IPA"., like the Scottish pronunciation of ⟨ch⟩ in "loch". This sound is not present in most forms of English and is often transliterated as "kh" as in Nikita Khrushchev. Many languages have phonemic sounds, such as click consonants, which are quite unlike any phoneme in the language into which they are being transliterated.

Some languages and scripts present particular difficulties to transcribers. These are discussed on separate pages. Examples of languages and writing systems and methods of transliterating include:

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

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Adopted

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See also

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References

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Look up transliteration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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