Little Miss Muffet

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Little Miss Muffet
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William Wallace Denslow's illustrations for one version of the rhyme, from a 1901 edition of Mother Goose
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Publication date1805

"Little Miss Muffet" is an English nursery rhyme of uncertain origin, first recorded in 1805. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20605. The rhyme has for over a century attracted discussion as to the proper meaning of the word tuffet.

Wording

The rhyme first appeared in print in Songs for the Nursery (1805),[1] and there have been many variants since. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes gives the following:

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Older versions sometimes use "of" rather than "her" in line 3, and refer to a "little spider" as in this example dating between 1837 and 1845:

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There are several early-published versions with significant variations including "Little Mary Ester sat upon a tester" (1812) and "Little Miss Mopsey, Sat in the shopsey" (1842).[1] Other collected variants have included "Little Miss Muffet, sat on a toffet" (1830s?) and "Little Miss Muffet, sat on a buffet" (1840s?).[2] In a later United States example, "whey" was replaced with "pie".[3]

Tuffet

Although the word tuffet is now sometimes used to mean a type of low seat,[4]Template:R/superscript the word in the rhyme probably originally referred to a grassy hillock, small knoll or mound (a variant spelling of an obsolete and rare meaning of "tuft").[5]Template:R/superscript The Oxford English Dictionary calls the "hassock or footstool" meaning "doubtful", and "perhaps due to misunderstanding of the nursery rhyme".[5]Template:R/superscript Many modern dictionaries including Collins,[4]Template:R/superscript Merriam-Webster,[6]Template:R/superscript Chambers 21st Century Dictionary[7]Template:R/superscript and Oxford Dictionaries,[8]Template:R/superscript however, now give both meanings.

Uncertain meaning

Since the rhyme provides little context, several writers have expressed confusion about its meaning. In 1902, Samuel M. Crothers remarked, "Perhaps some of you would like to know what a tuffet is. I have thought of that myself, and have taken the trouble to ask several learned persons. They assure me that the most complete and satisfactory definition is,—a tuffet is the kind of thing that Miss Muffet sat on."[9]Template:R/superscript

As a grassy mound

According to the Oxford English Dictionary the word in the nursery rhyme may refer to "a grassy hillock, a small knoll or mound".[5]Template:R/superscript

Earlier recorded examples of tuffet with the related meaning "tuft" (for example a cluster of short-stalked leaves or flowers growing from a common point) date back to 1553.[5]Template:R/superscript The Merriam-Webster dictionary suggests that the word derives from the Anglo-French Script error: No such module "Lang"., from "tufe", meaning "tuft".[6]Template:R/superscript

Many illustrators have shown Miss Muffet sitting on a mound or hillock, including John Everett Millais (1884) and Arthur Rackham (1913).

As a low seat

The Oxford English Dictionary gives a secondary definition "hassock or footstool", but calls this "doubtful".[5]Template:R/superscript It lists an example from 1895 in which the meaning is "a three-legged stool" and another from 1904 with the meaning "footstool".[5]Template:R/superscript Some sources, including Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898)[10]Template:R/superscript and Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (1983),[11]Template:R/superscript failed to recognise this meaning at all, and listed only the grassy knoll definition. Nevertheless, there is a long tradition of illustrators showing some sort of low seat, including Kate Greenaway (1900) and Frederick Richardson (1915).

An 1888 variant of the rhyme has "she sat on a buffet" which the scholars Iona and Peter Opie point out certainly refers to a stool.[1]

Origins

The origins of the rhyme are unclear. Although no record has been found before 1805, Iona and Peter Opie argue that it is likely to be considerably older given its similarity to other rhymes such as "Little Polly Flinders", "Little Poll Parrot", "Little Tommy Tacket", "Little General Monk" and "Little Jack Horner" (the last known to have been current at least as early as 1720). It is possible that all of these rhymes, and others, are parodies of whichever unknown rhyme came first.[1]

It is sometimes claimed – without evidence – that the original Miss Muffet was Patience, daughter of Dr Thomas Muffet (d.1604), an English physician and entomologist,[12][13] but the Opies are sceptical given the two-hundred-year gap between his death and the rhyme's appearance.[1] It has also been claimed to refer to Mary, Queen of Scots (1543–1587), frightened by the religious reformer John Knox (1510–1572).[13]

See also

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References

  1. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Opie, I.; Opie, P. (1997) [1951]. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 323–4.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Search for Roud Folk Song Index number 20605". Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sorby, A. (2005). Schoolroom Poets: Childhood and the Place of American Poetry, 1865–1917. UPNE. p. 80.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tuffet". Collins. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "template wrapper". (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) See entries for "Tuffet 2" and "Tuft 3b".
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tuffet". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Search Chambers". Chambers. Retrieved 6 April 2020. ("Tuffet" in Chambers 21st Century Dictionary)
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tuffet". Oxford Dictionaries. 6 April 2020.[dead link]
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crothers, Samuel McChord (1902). Miss Muffet's Christmas Party. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company. p. 4.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brewer, E. Cobham (1898). "Tuffet". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kirkpatrick, E. M. (1983). Chambers 20th Century Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers. ISBN 0550102345.
  12. ^ For example: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrowven, Jean (1977). Origins of Rhymes, Songs, and Sayings. London: Kaye & Ward. pp. 173–174. ISBN 0-7182-1123-5.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shackle, Eric (February 2018) [2001]. "Was little Miss Muffet a local girl?". Brookmans Park Newsletter. North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK: North Mymms History Project. Retrieved 7 April 2021.


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