Stenosis

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(Redirected from Valvular stenosis)

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Stenosis
Other namesStenoses
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CT scan of a bronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted from tracheobronchial injury
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Stenosis (Script error: No such module "params".) is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).[3]

Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, Prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).[4] The term coarctation is another synonym,[5] but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.[6][7]

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.[8]

Examples

Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:

Types

Vascular Stenosis

Arterial stenosis

Venous stenosis

  • Jugular venous stenosis
  • Central venous stenosis

Cardiac Valve Stenosis

File:Blausen 0040 AorticStenosis.png
Animated representation of aortic stenosis

In order from most to least common:

File:Spinal stenosis.svg
Animated representation of spinal stenosis

Neurologic/Spine Stenosis

File:Pyloric stenosis.svg
Animated representation of pyloric stenosis

Gastrointestinal Stenosis

  • Esophageal stenosis
    • A congenital or acquired fixed narrowing of the esophagus.[11]
      • Congenital subtypes
        • Tracheobronchial remnants
        • Fibromuscular thickening / fibromuscular stenosis
        • Membranous webbing or esophageal membrane
      • Acquired [12]
        • Injury (example: swallowing button battery [13])
        • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
        • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
        • Achalasia
  • Pyloric stenosis (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
    • Relatively uncommon disorder of infants, usually between the ages of 2–12 weeks, caused by abnormal thickening of the pylorus muscle in the stomach at the junction between the end of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum.[14][15]
  • Small-bowel stenosis
  • Colonic stenosis (bowel obstruction)
  • Anal stricture
  • Rectal stricture

Respiratory Stenosis

Genitourinary Stenosis

Others

  • Biliary duct stenosis

Causes

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Diagnosis

Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).[18]

See also

References

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  1. ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989, as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of STENOSIS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022.
  5. ^ "coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)". American Heart Association.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008). "An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta". Netherlands Heart Journal. 16 (7): 260–263. doi:10.1007/bf03086158. PMC 2516290. PMID 18711614.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004). "Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting". About.com Health.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carotid Artery Stenosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goody, Philip Roger; Hosen, Mohammed Rabiul; Christmann, Dominik; Niepmann, Sven Thomas; Zietzer, Andreas; Adam, Matti; Bönner, Florian; Zimmer, Sebastian; Nickenig, Georg; Jansen, Felix (April 2020). "Aortic Valve Stenosis". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 40 (4): 885–900. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313067. PMID 32160774.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brzački, Vesna; Mladenović, Bojan; Jeremić, Ljiljana; Živanović, Dragoljub; Govedarović, Nenad; Dimić, Dragan; Golubović, Mladjan; Stoičkov, Viktor (November 2019). "Congenital esophageal stenosis: a rare malformation of the foregut". Nagoya Journal of Medical Science. 81 (4): 535–547. doi:10.18999/nagjms.81.4.535. ISSN 2186-3326. PMC 6892676. PMID 31849372.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Collins, Margaret H.; Alexander, Eileen S.; Martin, Lisa J.; Grotjan, Tommie M.; Mukkada, Vincent A.; Sheil, Amy; Abonia, Juan P.; Putnam, Philip E.; Rothenberg, Marc E. (2022). "Acquired Esophageal Strictures in Children: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Analyses". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology. 25 (2): 124–133. doi:10.1177/10935266211041086. ISSN 1615-5742. PMC 10102868. PMID 34515576.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leinwand, Kristina; Brumbaugh, David E.; Kramer, Robert E. (January 2016). "Button Battery Ingestion in Children: A Paradigm for Management of Severe Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestions". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 26 (1): 99–118. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2015.08.003. ISSN 1558-1950. PMC 5425245. PMID 26616899.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Li, Annie; Bhurawala, Habib (October 2021). "Pyloric stenosis in an infant". Australian Journal of General Practice. 50 (10): 744–746. doi:10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5667. ISSN 2208-7958. PMID 34590095.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garfield, Karen; Sergent, Shane R. (2025), "Pyloric Stenosis", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32310391, retrieved 2025-11-17
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hanlon, Katherine; Boesch, R. Paul; Jacobs, Ian (April 2018). "Subglottic Stenosis". Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 48 (4): 129–135. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.03.007. ISSN 1538-3199. PMID 29801771.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Morris, Lucinda; Do, Viet; Chard, Jennifer; Brand, Alison H. (2017). "Radiation-induced vaginal stenosis: current perspectives". International Journal of Women's Health. 9: 273–279. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S106796. ISSN 1179-1411. PMC 5422455. PMID 28496367.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). "Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion". Journal of Medical Ultrasonics. 49 (4): 675–687. doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7. PMID 36175716. S2CID 252622616.

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