Wadi
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A wadi (Template:Ipac-en Script error: No such module "Respell".; Template:Langx) is a river valley or a wet (ephemeral) riverbed that contains water only when heavy rain occurs. Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on the lowest portions of alluvial fans and extend to inland sabkhas or dry lakes. Permanent channels do not exist, due to lack of continual water flow. Water percolates down into the stream bed, causing an abrupt loss of energy and resulting in vast deposition. Wadis may develop dams of sediment that change the stream patterns in the next flash flood.
Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the Sahara, as they travel in complex transhumance routes.
The centrality of wadis to water – and human life – in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of wadi hydrology in the 1990s.[1]
Etymology
The word 'wadi' is very widely found in Arabic toponyms. Some Spanish toponyms are derived from Andalusian Arabic where wadi was used to mean a permanent river,[citation needed] for example: Guadalcanal from wādī al-qanāl (Template:Langx, "river of refreshment stalls"), Guadalajara from wādī al-ḥijārah (Template:Langx, "river of stones"),[2] or Guadalquivir, from al-wādī al-kabīr (Template:Langx, "the great river").
Sediments and sedimentary structures
In basin and range topography, wadis trend along basin axes at the terminus of fans. They have braided stream patterns because of the deficiency of water and the abundance of sediments. Wadi sediments may contain a range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely. Thus, wadi sediments are the most diverse of all desert environments.
Flash floods result from severe energy conditions and can result in a wide range of sedimentary structures, including ripples and common plane beds. Gravels commonly display imbrications, and mud drapes show desiccation cracks. Wind activity also generates sedimentary structures, including large-scale cross-stratification and wedge-shaped cross-sets. A typical wadi sequence consists of alternating units of wind and water sediments; each unit ranging from about 10–30 cm (4–12 in). Sediment laid by water shows a complete fining upward sequence. Gravels show imbrication. Wind deposits are cross-stratified and covered with mud-cracked deposits. Some horizontal loess may also be present.
Wind also causes sediment deposition. When wadi sediments are underwater or moist, wind sediments are deposited over them. Thus, wadi sediments contain both wind and water sediments.
Hydrological action
Modern English usage differentiates wadis from canyons or arroyo (Spanish, used in the Americas for similar landforms)[3] by the action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water and are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis are generally dry year round, except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall, often resulting in flash floods. Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous as a result.
Deposits
Deposition in a wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of stream velocity and seepage of water into the porous sediment. Wadi deposits are thus usually mixed gravels and sands. These sediments are often altered by eolian processes.[4]
Over time, wadi deposits may become "inverted wadis", where former underground water caused vegetation and sediment to fill in the eroded channel, turning previous washes into ridges running through desert regions.
Gallery
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See also
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References
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- ^ Review of Wheater, Howard; Al Weshah, Radwan, Hydrology of Wadi systems -IHP Regional Network on Wadi Hydrology in the Arab Region Script error: No such module "webarchive"., UNESCO – Technical documents in hydrology vol 55, SC.2002/WS/33,(2002).
- ^ Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara, Guadalajara tourist guide, p.5. Script error: No such module "webarchive"., retrieved 17 August 2013
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Arroyo Definition". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Achite, Mohamed; Ouillon, Sylvain (September 2007). "Suspended sediment transport in a semiarid watershed, Wadi Abd, Algeria (1973–1995)". Journal of Hydrology. 343 (3–4): 187–202. Bibcode:2007JHyd..343..187A. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.026.
Bibliography
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Summary: Drainage Courses, Wadis". United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 May 2003. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Summary: Drainage Courses, Wadis – Inverted". United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 May 2003. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Glennie, K. W. (1970). Deserts sedimentary Environments. Developments in Sedimentology. Vol. 14. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-40850-9.
External links
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- IHP REGIONAL WADI HYDROLOGY NETWORK, International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO.
- Arab Center for Studies of Arid Zones and Dry lands (ACSAD): Water resources division.
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