Zarphatic language
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| Zarphatic | |
|---|---|
| Judæo-French | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Translit | |
| Native to | France, western Germany and England |
| Ethnicity | Ashkenazi Jews |
| Extinct | 14th century[1] |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zrp |
zrp.html | |
| Glottolog | zarp1238 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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Zarphatic, also called Judeo-French (Template:Langx Template:Translit) or Western Loez,[3] is a language that was spoken by the French Jews of northern France and in parts of western Germany, such as Mainz, Frankfurt am Main and Aix-la-Chapelle. It was also spoken by French Jews who moved to Norman England.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Some have conjectured that the language influenced the development of Yiddish.[4][5]
Etymology
The term Zarphatic, coined by Solomon Birnbaum,[6] comes from the Hebrew name for France, Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which was originally used in the Hebrew Bible as a name for the city of Sarepta, in Phoenicia.
Unlike most other Jewish languages which had many loan words from Hebrew, it had relatively few. This has led to the conclusion that it may not have been a far-distant language but, instead, a dialect of Old French.[citation needed]
History and use
Zarphatic was written using a variation of the Hebrew alphabet. It first appeared in this form in the 11th century in glosses of the Torah and Talmud written by the rabbis Moshe HaDarshan and Rashi.[3] The language became secularised during the 13th century, becoming used in varied domains such as poetry, medicine, astronomy, and commerce.[3]
Most linguists agree that Zarphatic was not fundamentally different from Old French, and that it was more of a writing system and literary tradition that reflected the Jewish culture of the day. According to some researchers,[7][full citation needed] it was different from the Christian majority dialect, and thus a specific Judeo-Romance language. However, other linguists contend that it was essentially the same as Christian dialects of the same regions, with only some Hebrew influences.[8]
It seems that Zarphatic was probably never a vernacular language, and that the Jews of the area did not speak a differing language or dialect, at least not one distinguished by phonology or lexicon beyond that specific to a community.[9][full citation needed] Rather, it acted more as a liturgical language, for exegesis and literature. Its primary use was for explanation and vulgarisation of biblical and rabbinical literature. Most of the elements from the Hebrew language are found in the function words (articles, prepositions, etc.), though there are some changes to verbs and vocabulary.[10]
Extinction
Due to the constant persecution, killing and expulsion of Jews from France[11] and other European nations, the Zarphatic language likely went extinct in the 14th century; documentation of the language slows in the mid-14th century.[3] The last known example of Zarphatic is a recipe for charoset written in 1470.[8][contradictory]
Writing system
Zarphatic was written using the Hebrew writing system and the Tiberian system for diacritical markers and reflected some Latin writing traditions that help to distinguish it from a solely phonetic reproduction of spoken language.[3][8]
Not all Hebrew graphemes are used in Zarphatic: the graphemes kaph (כ), samekh (ס), and tav (ת), are rare, and ḥet (ח) and ʕayin (ע) are omitted entirely.[3]
| Language | Example text |
|---|---|
| Old French (Hebrew script) |
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|
| Transliteration | q̄ōzə qīyēyṭ aqōṭūmēyəh dēyṭ aṭre ṭōūṭ ōṭryēəh |
| Old French (Latin script) |
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| English translation | Something that is customary must be granted freely |
| French translation | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
See also
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kiwitt, Marc; Zwink, Julia. "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Oil". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edzard, Alexandra B. (2021). "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages: Text specimens, grammatical, lexical, and cultural sketches. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 557, 561–75. ISBN 978-3-447-11708-1. JSTOR j.ctv2h439g6.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Katznelson, Itzhak (2008). "Yiddish Language". Encyclopedia Judaica – via Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weinreich, M. (1959). "History of the Yiddish Language: The Problems and Their Implications". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 103 (4): 563–570. JSTOR 985559.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Birnbaum, S. A. (2016). Yiddish: A Survey and a Grammar (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 33.
- ^ M. Weinreich et S. A. Birnbaum, cited by Marc Kiwitt, cf sources
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kiwitt, Marc; Zwink, Julia. "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
- ^ Jean Baumgarten in La question du judéo-français vue par les philologues allemands et français, citing M. Bannitt; cf bibliographie
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edzard, Alexandra B. (2021). Jewish Languages: Text specimens, grammatical, lexical, and cultural sketches. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 579, 585–589. ISBN 978-3-447-11708-1. JSTOR j.ctv2h439g6.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."King Charles VI of France orders all Jews expelled from the kingdom". History.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024.
- Information for this article draws heavily on the information presented on the Jewish Languages project Judeo-French page Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bobichon, Philippe (2015). Controverse judéo-chrétienne en Ashkenaz (XIIIe s.). Florilèges polémiques : hébreu, latin, ancien français. Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses (in français). Vol. 173. Paris: Bibliothèque de l’EPHE-SR. doi:10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.5.109665. ISBN 978-2-503-56748-8.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hillaby, Joe (2013). The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230278165.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Banitt, Menahem; Aslanov, Cyril (2008). "Judeo-French". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 – via Jewish Virtual Library.
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