1050
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxBuilder' not found.
.jpg)
Year 1050 (ML) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
- Hedeby in Jutland is sacked by King Harald Hardrada of Norway, during the course of a conflict with Sweyn II of Denmark.[1][2]
- King Anund Jacob dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his elder half-brother Emund the Old as king of Sweden.[3][4]
- Macbeth, King of Scotland, makes a pilgrimage to Rome.[5][6][7]
Africa
- Aoudaghost, an important Berber trading center and rival of Koumbi Saleh, is captured by the Ghana Empire.[8][9][10]
By topic
Religion
- King Edward the Confessor unites the English dioceses of Devon and Cornwall. He moves the see from Crediton to Exeter and gives the order to build a cathedral.[11] Leofric becomes the first bishop of Exeter.[12][13][14]
- The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey (modern Germany) is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world (approximate date).[15][16][17]
Births
- November 11 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1106)[18][19][20]
- Amadeus II, count of Savoy (approximate date)[21]
- Berthold II, duke of Swabia (approximate date)[22][23]
- Bertrand of Comminges, French bishop (d. 1126)[24][25][26]
- Frederick I, duke of Swabia (approximate date)[27]
- Leopold II ("the Fair"), margrave of Austria (d. 1095)[28]
- Lhachen Gyalpo, king of Ladakh (approximate date)[29][30]
- Liutold of Eppenstein, German nobleman (approximate date)[citation needed]
- Li Tang, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)[31][32][33]
- Lope Íñiguez, lord of Biscay (approximate date)[34]
- Michael VII Doukas, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)[35]
- Muhammad al-Baghdadi, Arab mathematician (d. 1141)[36]
- Muirchertach Ua Briain, king of Munster (approximate date)[37][38]
- Olaf I ("Hunger"), king of Denmark (approximate date)[39]
- Olaf III ("the Peaceful"), king of Norway (approximate date)[40]
- Osbern of Canterbury, English hagiographer (d. 1090)[41]
- Peter the Hermit, French priest (approximate date)[42][43]
- Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony (approximate date)[44]
- Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1113)[45][46][47]
- Vidyakara, Indian Buddhist scholar (d. 1130)[citation needed]
Deaths
- February 10 – Anna, Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 1001)[48][49]
- October 29 – Eadsige, archbishop of Canterbury[50][51][52]
- Alferius (or Alferio), Italian abbot and saint (b. 930)[53][54][55]
- Anund Jacob (or James), king of Sweden (b. 1008)[56][57][58]
- Casilda of Toledo, Spanish saint (approximate date)[59][60]
- Constantine Arianites, Byzantine general[61][62][63]
- Einar Thambarskelfir, Norwegian nobleman[64][65]
- Herleva, Norman noblewoman (approximate date)[66]
- Hugh of Langres, French bishop and theologian[67][68]
- Humphrey de Vieilles, Norman nobleman[69]
- Michael Dokeianos, Byzantine general[70][71][72]
- Suryavarman I, king of the Khmer Empire[73][74][75]
- Wifred II, count of Cerdanya and Berga[76][77]
- Zoë, empress of the Byzantine Empire[78][79][80]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Derry, T. K. (2000) [1979]. History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland. Minneapolis, MN and London: University of Minnesota Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780816637997.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hubbard, Ben (2016). Viking Warriors. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 80. ISBN 9781502624550.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. The Britannica Guide to Countries of the European Union. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. 2014. p. 177. ISBN 9781615309955.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sweden Time Line Chronological Timetable of Events - Worldatlas.com". www.worldatlas.com. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gregorovius, Ferdinand (2010). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781108015035.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klieforth, Alexander Leslie; Munro, Robert John (2004). The Scottish Invention of America, Democracy and Human Rights: A History of Liberty and Freedom from the Ancient Celts to the New Millennium. Dallas, Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford: University Press of America. p. 114. ISBN 9780761827917.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huscroft, Richard (2013) [2009]. The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction. London and New York: Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 9781317866275.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rough Guides (2008). The Rough Guide to West Africa (Fifth ed.). London, New York and New Delhi: Rough Guides UK. ISBN 9781405380683.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moniot, Henri (December 1970). "Fouilles à Tegdaoust". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 25 (6): 1740–1741. doi:10.1017/S0395264900159311. ISSN 0395-2649. S2CID 191878417.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mauny, R. A. (1954). "The Question of Ghana". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 24 (3): 200–213. doi:10.2307/1156424. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1156424. S2CID 143619637.
- ^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Insley, Charles (2011). "Remembering Communities Past: Exeter Cathedral in the Eleventh Century". In Dalton, Paul; Insley, Charles; Wilkinson, Louise J. (eds.). Cathedrals, Communities and Conflict in the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. p. 48. ISBN 9781843836209.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Iversen, Gunilla (2000). "Transforming a Viking into a Saint: The Divine Office of St. Olav". In Fassler, Margot E.; Baltzer, Rebecca A. (eds.). The Divine Office in the Latin Middle Ages: Methodology and Source Studies, Regional Developments, Hagiography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 9780195352382.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clayton, Mary (2003). The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne and Sydney: Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521531153.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Evans, Jeff (2011). Oliver, Garrett (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 831. ISBN 9780199912100.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wells, Mike (December 14, 2016). "Dark beer and dumplings in Bavaria: a visit to the world's oldest monastic brewery". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eames, Andrew (September 16, 2016). "Move Over Oktoberfest: an Alternative Beer Pilgrimage in Bavaria". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schoenfeld, Edward J. (2010). Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. I: Aachen, Siege of – Dyrrachium, Siege and Battle of (1081). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 256. ISBN 9780195334036.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robinson, I. S. (2003). Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780521545907.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (2013). Emmerson, Richard K. (ed.). Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 319. ISBN 9781136775192.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pufendorf, Samuel Freiherr von; de La Martinière, Germain Pichault (1764). Sayer, Joseph (ed.). An Introduction to the History of the Principal States of Europe. Vol. II. London: A. Wilde. p. 1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schelbert, Leo (2007). Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Vol. 53. Lanham, MD, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 391. ISBN 9780810864474.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baumhögger, Goswin G. T. (2017). König Knoblauch: Ein Leben im elften Jahrhundert (in Deutsch). Norderstedt, Germany: BoD – Books on Demand. p. 624. ISBN 9783738654264.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McPherson, Anne (2001). "Chapter 8: Saint-Bernard-de-Comminges". Walking to the Saints: A Little Pilgrimage in France. New York and Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. pp. 133. ISBN 9780809140183.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pilloix, Oriane (July 1, 2016). "Les parties romanes de l'ancienne cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (Haute-Garonne)". dante.univ-tlse2.fr (in français). Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Deuffic, Jean-Luc (September 13, 2012). "Des Heures ... et des armes. Bertrand de Tourzel et Isabelle de Lévis : un couple mécène". Pecia (in français). 14: 295–330. doi:10.1484/J.PECIA.1.102649.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weis, Frederick Lewis (1992) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants (7th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 47. ISBN 9780806313672.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Old Folks". mathcs.clarku.edu. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kraxel, Sepp (2019). Ladakh plus: Reise- und Kulturführer über Ladakh und die angrenzenden Himalaja-Regionen Changthang, Nubra, Purig, Zanskar sowie Kullu (Manali), Lahaul und Spiti mit Stadtführer Delhi (in Deutsch). Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand. p. 24. ISBN 9783748178590.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Likir Monastery Adventure Tours". Journeys International. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Choy, Eric; Cheng, Maria; Tang, Wai Hung (2018). "Chapter 5: Landscape Painting". Essential Terms of Chinese Painting. Hong Kong: City University of HK Press. p. 117. ISBN 9789629371883.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrist, Robert E.; Li, Kung-Lin (1998). Painting and Private Life in Eleventh-century China: Mountain Villa by Li Gonglin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780691016092.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edwards, Richard (2011). The Heart of Ma Yuan: The Search for a Southern Song Aesthetic. Aberdeen and Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9789888028658.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández (1983). Batallas y quinquagenas (in español). Vol. I. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. p. 36. ISBN 9788460033004.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lawler, Jennifer (2004). Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 209. ISBN 9780786415205.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAlī Ibn; al-Jawzi, Ibn (2016). Qutbuddin, Tahera; Fowden, Garth (eds.). The Life of Ibn Hanbal. Translated by Cooperson, Michael. New York: New York University Press. p. 323. ISBN 9781479805303.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Duffy, Sean (2017). "Ua Briain, Muirchertach (1050 – 1119)". In Duffy, Sean (ed.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 459. ISBN 9781351666176.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Williams, Patricia (2012). Historical Texts from Medieval Wales. London: The Modern Humanities Research Association. p. 151. ISBN 9781907322600.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pajung, Stefan. "Oluf Hunger 1050-1095". danmarkshistorien.dk (in dansk). Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Olav III Kyrre of Norway f. 1050 Norge d. 22 Sep 1093 Håkeby, Tanum, Västra Götaland, Sverige". oddmarthinsen.no. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eales, Richard; Sharpe, Richard (1995). "Chapter 3: The Life and Writings of Osbern of Canterbury". Canterbury and the Norman Conquest: Churches, Saints and Scholars, 1066-1109. London and Rio Grande: A&C Black. p. 27. ISBN 9781852850685.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes P. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Religions. Amsterdam and Zurich: Foreign Media Group. ISBN 9781601360007.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goldstein, M. B. (2013). "Chapter 42". The Newest Testament: A Secular Bible. Bloomington, IN: Archway Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 9781480801561.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sophia of Hungary b. Abt 1050 d. 18 Jun 1095: NH genealogy". nielsenhayden.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weis, Frederick Lewis (1992) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants (7th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 205. ISBN 9780806313672.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010) [1996]. A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition. Toronto, Buffalo, NY and London: University of Toronto Press. p. 883. ISBN 9781442698796.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.D-Vasilescu, Elena Ene (2018). Heavenly Sustenance in Patristic Texts and Byzantine Iconography: Nourished by the Word. New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture. New York: Springer. p. 76. ISBN 9783319989860.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Persson, Bjarne (2017). Alla vägar bär till Rom: 75 generationer från von Wachenfeldt och Uggla till Lucius Julius Libo I av Romarriket (in svenska). Stockholm and Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand. p. 80. ISBN 9789176992593.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Orthodox Life. Vol. 51–52. Holy Trinity Monastery. 2001.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 9780521563505.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Searle, William George (2012) [1897]. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781107608641.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barlow, Frank (1984). Edward the Confessor. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780520053199.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Oldfield, Paul (2014). Sanctity and Pilgrimage in Medieval Southern Italy, 1000-1200. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781107000285.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Loud, G. A. (2007). The Latin Church in Norman Italy. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 565. ISBN 9781107320000.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fraja, Valeria De (2017). "Joachim the Abbot: Monastic Reform and the Foundation of the Florensian Order". In Riedl, Matthias (ed.). A Companion to Joachim of Fiore. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 75. Brill. pp. 109–143. doi:10.1163/9789004339668_006. ISBN 9789004339668.
all the abbots of the Norman-Suevian period and of the first Angevin age, from the founder Alferius (†1050)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peterson, Gary Dean (2014). Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 9781476604114.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holman, Katherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol. 11. Lanham, MD and Oxford: Scarecrow Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780810865891.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Talvio, Tuukka (1979). "Notes on Three Sigtuna Moneyers". The Numismatic Chronicle. 19 (139): 221–225. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 42667047.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robison, William B. (2017). History, Fiction, and The Tudors: Sex, Politics, Power, and Artistic License in the Showtime Television Series. New York: Springer. p. 378. ISBN 9781137438836.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mariana, Juan de (1818). Historia General de España (in español). Vol. VI. Madrid: L. Núñez de Vargas. p. 22.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crabb, George (1825). Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts. Vol. I. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Venning, Timothy; Harris, Jonathan (2006). A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. New York: Springer. p. 375. ISBN 9780230505865.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mărculeţ, Vasile (2017). "Aspecte ale guvernării themei Paristrion (Paradunavon) in secolul al XI-lea : guvernări asociate". Muzeul Național. 1 (29): 1–9. ISSN 1015-0323.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anderson, Joseph; Hjaltalin, Jon A.; Goudie, Gilbert (2019). The Orkneyinga Saga. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. cxxvii. ISBN 9781108082242.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Waßenhoven, Dominik (2009). Skandinavier unterwegs in Europa (1000-1250): Untersuchungen zu Mobilität und Kulturtransfer auf prosopographischer Grundlage. Europa Im Mittelalter (in Deutsch). Vol. 8. Berlin: Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 172. ISBN 9783050048536.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Lanham, MD and Plymouth, England: Scarecrow Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780810874978.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte (2010). When Ego Was Imago: Signs of Identity in the Middle Ages. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 104. ISBN 9789004192256.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macy, Gary (January 1, 2014). "The Medieval Inheritance". In Wandel, Lee Palmer (ed.). A Companion to the Eucharist in the Reformation. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 46. Brill. pp. 13–37. doi:10.1163/9789004260177_003. ISBN 9789004260177.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vaughn, Sally N. (1987). Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780520056749.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.di Montecassino, Amato (2004). The History of the Normans. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781843830788.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Meyer, Mati (2006). "The Levite's Concubine: Imaging the Marginal Woman in Byzantine Society". Studies in Iconography. 27: 45–76. ISSN 0148-1029. JSTOR 23923693.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kaldellis, Anthony (2017). Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xxv. ISBN 9780190253226.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stark, Miriam T. (2004). "Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia". In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter (eds.). Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. London and New York: Psychology Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780415297776.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arrowood, Janet (2006). Adventure Guide Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Edison, NJ, Montreal and Oxford: Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 270. ISBN 9781588435200.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goscha, Christopher E.; Ivarsson, Søren (2003). Contesting Visions of the Lao Past: Laos Historiography at the Crossroads. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press. p. 5. ISBN 9788791114021.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carr, Matthew (2018). The Savage Frontier: The Pyrenees in History and the Imagination. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781620974285.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grifoll, Isabel (January 1, 2017). "The Culture (Ninth–Twelfth Centuries): Clerics and Troubadours". The Crown of Aragon: 125–149. doi:10.1163/9789004349612_006. ISBN 9789004349612.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Acton, Q. Ashton (2013). Issues in Dermatology and Cosmetic Medicine: 2013 Edition. Atlanta, GA: ScholarlyEditions. p. 52. ISBN 9781490109114.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jones, Barry (2016). Dictionary of World Biography (3rd ed.). Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 917. ISBN 9781760460105.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woodacre, E. (2013). Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras. New York: Springer. ISBN 9781137362834.
