Arjava

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Template:Short description Template:DMCA Template:DMCA Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Langx) literally means sincerity, straightness, and non-hypocrisy.[1] It is one of the ten Script error: No such module "lang". in ancient Hindu and Jaina texts.[2]

Definition

Script error: No such module "lang". means straightness, sincerity, and harmony in one’s thought, words, and actions towards oneself and towards others.[1] Kane translates Script error: No such module "lang". as straightforwardness.[3] It is described in ancient Indian texts as “self-restraint from hypocrisy", and "the absence of hypocrisy”. It is included as one of several virtuous restraints in an individual's path to spirituality. The Maharashtrian poet Vāmana in Avigita, at xvi.1, posits Script error: No such module "lang". is a form of honesty and purity in a person, and an essential virtue so that one may treat everyone equally, whether that other is one’s child, wife, relative, friend, a stranger, or someone hostile or oneself without any discrimination.[1]

The ethical concept of Script error: No such module "lang". is synonymous with Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., composite word from Script error: No such module "Lang".). Script error: No such module "lang". also means non-deceitful, straightforwardness, and sincerity.[4] It is listed as a virtue in the Indian Epics.[5]

Literature

Script error: No such module "lang". is one of the ten Script error: No such module "lang". listed by Śāṇḍilya Upanishad,[2] as well as by Svātmārāma.[6][7] The other nine are:

  1. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): nonviolence
  2. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): truthfulness
  3. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): not stealing
  4. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): celibacy and not cheating on one’s spouse
  5. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): forgiveness[8]
  6. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): fortitude
  7. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): compassion[8]
  8. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): measured diet
  9. Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".): purity, cleanliness

In some texts, such as by Adi Sankara, this virtue is called as Script error: No such module "lang"., and explained as purity of motive and freedom of mind from hypocrisy, both in one’s social conduct and within oneself where one’s thoughts, words, and actions resonate.[1] It is a virtue that empowers one to act and live without anxiety, anger, prejudice, inner conflict, or confusion. It is also discussed in Bhagwad Gita in verse 17.16.[9]

The Mahābhārata, in book 12, chapter 60, lists Script error: No such module "lang". (non-hypocrisy) as a virtue along with Script error: No such module "lang". (non-anger), Script error: No such module "lang". (forgiveness), and others.[5] In chapter 278, the epic explains how and why hypocrisy arises, suggesting that it derives from the sin of covetousness, greed, and attachment to superficial possessions.[10]

Patanjali's treatise on Yoga lists only five Script error: No such module "lang"., which includes non-covetousness and non-possessiveness (Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". respectively), but does not include Script error: No such module "lang"..[11]

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Template:Multiref2
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Śāṇdilya-Upanishad of Atharvaṇaveḍa". Thirty Minor Upanishads. Translated by Aiyar, K. Narayanasvami. Kessinger Publishing. 1914. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-1164026419. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kane, Pandurang Vaman (1974). "History of Dharmaśāstra". Ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India. 2 (1): 5. OCLC 134943.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Adambha". Sanskrit English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Proudfoot, Ian (1987). Ahiṃsā and a Mahābhārata Story. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7315-0143-4.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Svātmārāma; Pancham Sinh (1997). The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (5 ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 14. ISBN 9781605066370. अथ यम-नियमाः / अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्यछर्यम कश्हमा धृतिः / दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछम छैव यमा दश
  7. ^ Template:Multiref2
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sovatsky, Stuart (1 January 1998). Words from the Soul: Time East/West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative. State University of New York Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7914-3949-4.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Bhagavad Gita. Translated by Chapple, Christopher Key. State University of New York Press. 2009. p. 649. ISBN 978-1-4384-2842-0.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Shanti Parva: The Mahabharata, Section CCLXXIII". Translated by Ganguli, K.M.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The yoga-system of Patañjali; or, The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind, translated by Woods, James Haughton, Courier Dover Publications, 2003, ISBN 978-0-486-43200-7

Template:Virtues

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