B

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B (minuscule: b) is the second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is bee (pronounced ), plural bees.

It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.

History

Egyptian Pr	Phoenician bēt	Western Greek beta	Etruscan B	Latin B

The Roman Template:Angle bracket derived from the Greek capital beta Template:Angle bracket via its Etruscan and Cumaean variants. The Greek letter was an adaptation of the Phoenician letter bēt Template:Angle bracket. The Egyptian hieroglyph for the consonant /b/ had been an image of a foot and calf Template:Angle bracket, but bēt (Phoenician for "house") was a modified form of a Proto-Sinaitic glyph Template:Angle bracket adapted from the separate hieroglyph Pr Template:Angle bracket meaning "house". The Hebrew letter bet Template:Angle bracket is a separate development of the Phoenician letter.

By Byzantine times, the Greek letter Template:Angle bracket came to be pronounced /v/, so that it is known in modern Greek as víta (still written ). The Cyrillic letter ve Template:Angle bracket represents the same sound, so a modified form known as be Template:Angle bracket was developed to represent the Slavic languages' /b/. (Modern Greek continues to lack a letter for the voiced bilabial plosive and transliterates such sounds from other languages using the digraph/consonant cluster Template:Angle bracket, mp.)

Old English was originally written in runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc Template:Angle bracket, meaning "birch". Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to have derived from the Old Italic alphabets' Template:Angle bracket either directly or via Latin Template:Angle bracket.

The uncial Template:Angle bracket and half-uncial Template:Angle bracket introduced by the Gregorian and Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts' Template:Angle bracket. These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the earlier runes, whose use was fully banned under King Canute in the early 11th century. The Norman Conquest popularised the Carolingian half-uncial forms which latter developed into blackletter Template:Angle bracket. Around 1300, letter case was increasingly distinguished, with upper- and lower-case B taking separate meanings. Following the advent of printing in the 15th century, the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and Scandinavia continued to use forms of blackletter (particularly Fraktur), while England eventually adopted the humanist and antiqua scripts developed in Renaissance Italy from a combination of Roman inscriptions and Carolingian texts. The present forms of the English cursive B were developed by the 17th century.

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of a B, from 1627

Use in writing systems

English

In English, Template:Angbr denotes the voiced bilabial stop , as in bib. In English, it is sometimes silent. This occurs particularly in words ending in Template:Vr, such as lamb and bomb, some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter Template:Vr added by analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters). The Template:Vr in debt, doubt, subtle, and related words was added in the 16th century as an etymological spelling, intended to make the words more like their Latin originals (debitum, dubito, subtilis).

As /b/ is one of the sounds subject to Grimm's Law, words which have Template:Vr in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in other Indo-European languages appearing with Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr instead. For example, compare the various cognates of the word brother. It is the seventh least frequently used letter in the English language (after V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 1.5% in words.

Other languages

Many other languages besides English use Template:Angbr to represent a voiced bilabial stop.

In Estonian, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Mandarin Chinese Pinyin, Template:Angbr does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless that contrasts with either a geminated (in Estonian) or an aspirated (in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Pinyin) represented by [[p|Template:Vr]]. In Fijian Template:Angbr represents a prenasalised , whereas in Zulu and Xhosa it represents an implosive , in contrast to the digraph Template:Angbr which represents . Finnish uses Template:Angbr only in loanwords.

In many Romance languages (Spanish, Catalan, European Portuguese, Galician), Template:Angbr between vowels is pronounced as a voiced bilabial fricative or approximant . Template:Angbr often represents the same phoneme, transcribed in IPA.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [b] is used to represent the voiced bilabial stop phone. In phonological transcription systems for specific languages, /b/ may be used to represent a lenis phoneme, not necessarily voiced, that contrasts with fortis /p/ (which may have greater aspiration, tenseness or duration).

Other uses

• In the base-16 numbering system, B is a number that corresponds to the number 11 in decimal (base 10) counting.
• B is a musical note. In English-speaking countries, it represents Si, the 12th note of a chromatic scale built on C. In Central Europe and Scandinavia, "B" is used to denote B-flat and the 12th note of the chromatic scale is denoted "H". Archaic forms of 'b', the b quadratum (square b, ♮) and b rotundum (round b, ♭) are used in musical notation as the symbols for natural and flat, respectively.
• In Contracted (grade 2) English braille, Template:Angbr stands for "but" when in isolation.
• In computer science, B is the symbol for byte, a unit of information storage.
• In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level.
• In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element.

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

• 𐤁 : Semitic letter Bet, from which the following symbols originally derive
• Β β : Greek letter Beta, from which B derives
• Ⲃ ⲃ Coptic letter Bēta, which derives from Greek Beta
• В в : Cyrillic letter Ve, which also derives from Beta
• Б б : Cyrillic letter Be, which also derives from Beta
• ʙ : A small capital B, used as the lowercase B in a number of alphabets during romanization
• 𐌁 : Old Italic B, which derives from Greek Beta
• ᛒ : Runic letter Berkanan, which probably derives from Old Italic B
• 𐌱 : Gothic letter bercna, which derives from Greek Beta
• IPA-specific symbols related to B: 𐞄 𐞅
• B with diacritics: Ƀ ƀ Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ Ḇ ḇ Ɓ ɓ ᵬ ᶀ
• Ꞗ ꞗ : B with flourish
• ᴃ ᴯ ^{B b} : Barred B and various modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.
• Ƃ ƃ : B with topbar

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

• ␢ :
• ฿ : Thai baht
• ₿ : Bitcoin
• ♭: The flat in music, mentioned above, still closely resembles lowercase b.

Other representations

Computing

The Latin letters Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr have Unicode encodings and . These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.

Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, Latin beta in linguistics, and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility. The Cyrillic and Greek homoglyphs of the Latin Template:Angbr have separate encodings: and .

External links

• Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
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