Chakma script
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| Chakma Changmha Ajhapat 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴 | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. The word 'Changmha Ajhapat' in Chakma script | |
| Script type | |
Period | c. 600 CE – present |
| Direction | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:GetParameters' not found. |
| Languages | Chakma language, Pali,Tanchangya language [1] |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.Cakm Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.(349), Chakma |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Chakma |
| U+11100–U+1114F[6] | |
Template:Chakma Sidebar Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. The Chakma Script (Template:Langx), also called Ajhā Pāṭh, is an abugida used for the Chakma language, and recently for the Pali language.[1]
History
The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Chakma evolved from the Burmese script, which was ultimately derived from Pallava.[3][4][5] Proto Chakma developed around the 6th century CE. Old Chakma developed in the 8th century CE. Classical Literary Chakma was used in the 11th to 15th centuries and the current Standard Chakma was developed and revived in the 20th century.[citation needed]
The script, along with the Chakma language, has been introduced to non-government schools in Bangladesh, and as well as schools in Mizoram.[7]
Structure
Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ā' (a) as opposed to short 'a' (ɔ). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.
Independent vowels
Four independent vowels exist:
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to Template:Script/Chakma ā, as in Template:Script/Chakma ī, Template:Script/Chakma ū, Template:Script/Chakma ai, Template:Script/Chakma oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in Template:Script/Chakma i, Template:Script/Chakma u, and Template:Script/Chakma e.
Dependent vowels
One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu 𑄀 (cānaphudā) can be used together with anusvara 𑄁 (ekaphudā) and visarga 𑄂 (dviphudā):
Template:Script/Chakma aḥṃ = Template:Script/Chakma ā + Template:Script/Chakma
Template:Script/Chakma aṃṃ = Template:Script/Chakma ā + Template:Script/Chakma
Template:Script/Chakma uṃṃ = Template:Script/Chakma u + Template:Script/Chakma
Template:Script/Chakma muṃ = Template:Script/Chakma mā + Template:Script/Chakma
Consonants
Vowel-killer
Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:
𑄇𑄴 k = 𑄇 kā + 𑄴 MAAYYAA
Conjucts
In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Cāṅmā pattham pāt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters 𑄠 yā, 𑄢 rā, 𑄣 lā, 𑄤 wā, and 𑄚 nā. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts. No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yā or -rā appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.
| Consonant | 𑄳𑄠
- yyā |
𑄳𑄢
- rā |
𑄳𑄣
- lā |
𑄳𑄤
- wā |
𑄳𑄚
- nā |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𑄇 k | 𑄇𑄳𑄠 | 𑄇𑄳𑄢 | 𑄇𑄳𑄣 | 𑄇𑄳𑄤 | 𑄇𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄈 kh | 𑄈𑄳𑄠 | 𑄈𑄳𑄢 | 𑄈𑄳𑄣 | 𑄈𑄳𑄤 | 𑄈𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄉 g | 𑄉𑄳𑄠 | 𑄉𑄳𑄢 | 𑄉𑄳𑄣 | 𑄉𑄳𑄤 | 𑄉𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄊 gh | 𑄊𑄳𑄠 | 𑄊𑄳𑄢 | 𑄊𑄳𑄣 | 𑄊𑄳𑄤 | 𑄊𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄋 ṅ | 𑄋𑄳𑄠 | 𑄋𑄳𑄢 | 𑄋𑄳𑄣 | 𑄋𑄳𑄤 | 𑄋𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄌 c | 𑄌𑄳𑄠 | 𑄌𑄳𑄢 | 𑄌𑄳𑄣 | 𑄌𑄳𑄤 | 𑄌𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄍 ch | 𑄍𑄳𑄠 | 𑄍𑄳𑄢 | 𑄍𑄳𑄣 | 𑄍𑄳𑄤 | 𑄍𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄎 j | 𑄎𑄳𑄠 | 𑄎𑄳𑄢 | 𑄎𑄳𑄣 | 𑄎𑄳𑄤 | 𑄎𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄏 jh | 𑄏𑄳𑄠 | 𑄏𑄳𑄢 | 𑄏𑄳𑄣 | 𑄏𑄳𑄤 | 𑄏𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄐 ñ | 𑄐𑄳𑄠 | 𑄐𑄳𑄢 | 𑄐𑄳𑄣 | 𑄐𑄳𑄤 | 𑄐𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄑 ṭ | 𑄑𑄳𑄠 | 𑄑𑄳𑄢 | 𑄑𑄳𑄣 | 𑄑𑄳𑄤 | 𑄑𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄒 ṭh | 𑄒𑄳𑄠 | 𑄒𑄳𑄢 | 𑄒𑄳𑄣 | 𑄒𑄳𑄤 | 𑄒𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄓 ḍ | 𑄓𑄳𑄠 | 𑄓𑄳𑄢 | 𑄓𑄳𑄣 | 𑄓𑄳𑄤 | 𑄓𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄔 ḍh | 𑄔𑄳𑄠 | 𑄔𑄳𑄢 | 𑄔𑄳𑄣 | 𑄔𑄳𑄤 | 𑄔𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄕 ṇ | 𑄕𑄳𑄠 | 𑄕𑄳𑄢 | 𑄕𑄳𑄣 | 𑄕𑄳𑄤 | 𑄕𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄖 t | 𑄖𑄳𑄠 | 𑄖𑄳𑄢 | 𑄖𑄳𑄣 | 𑄖𑄳𑄤 | 𑄖𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄗 th | 𑄗𑄳𑄠 | 𑄗𑄳𑄢 | 𑄗𑄳𑄣 | 𑄗𑄳𑄤 | 𑄗𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄘 d | 𑄘𑄳𑄠 | 𑄘𑄳𑄢 | 𑄘𑄳𑄣 | 𑄘𑄳𑄤 | 𑄘𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄙 dh | 𑄙𑄳𑄠 | 𑄙𑄳𑄢 | 𑄙𑄳𑄣 | 𑄙𑄳𑄤 | 𑄙𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄚 n | 𑄚𑄳𑄠 | 𑄚𑄳𑄢 | 𑄚𑄳𑄣 | 𑄚𑄳𑄤 | 𑄚𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄛 p | 𑄛𑄳𑄠 | 𑄛𑄳𑄢 | 𑄛𑄳𑄣 | 𑄛𑄳𑄤 | 𑄛𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄜 ph | 𑄜𑄳𑄠 | 𑄜𑄳𑄢 | 𑄜𑄳𑄣 | 𑄜𑄳𑄤 | 𑄜𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄝 b | 𑄝𑄳𑄠 | 𑄝𑄳𑄢 | 𑄝𑄳𑄣 | 𑄝𑄳𑄤 | 𑄝𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄞 bh | 𑄞𑄳𑄠 | 𑄞𑄳𑄢 | 𑄞𑄳𑄣 | 𑄞𑄳𑄤 | 𑄞𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄟 m | 𑄟𑄳𑄠 | 𑄟𑄳𑄢 | 𑄟𑄳𑄣 | 𑄟𑄳𑄤 | 𑄟𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄠 yy | 𑄠𑄳𑄠 | 𑄠𑄳𑄢 | 𑄠𑄳𑄣 | 𑄠𑄳𑄤 | 𑄠𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄡 y | 𑄡𑄳𑄠 | 𑄡𑄳𑄢 | 𑄡𑄳𑄣 | 𑄡𑄳𑄤 | 𑄡𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄢 r | 𑄢𑄳𑄠 | 𑄢𑄳𑄢 | 𑄢𑄳𑄣 | 𑄢𑄳𑄤 | 𑄢𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄤 w | 𑄤𑄳𑄠 | 𑄤𑄳𑄢 | 𑄤𑄳𑄣 | 𑄤𑄳𑄤 | 𑄤𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄥 s | 𑄥𑄳𑄠 | 𑄥𑄳𑄢 | 𑄥𑄳𑄣 | 𑄥𑄳𑄤 | 𑄥𑄳𑄚 |
| 𑄦 h | 𑄦𑄳𑄠 | 𑄦𑄳𑄢 | 𑄦𑄳𑄣 | 𑄦𑄳𑄤 | 𑄦𑄳𑄚 |
While some writers would indeed write Script error: No such module "lang". (in ligating style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚 or (in subjoining style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚, most now would probably expect it to be written as 𑄇𑄇𑄴𑄚. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter 𑄟 mā as the second element, while the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.
The 2004 book Phadagaṅ shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with 𑄝 bā, 𑄟 mā, and 𑄦 hā. These are all formed by simple subjoining.
| Consonant | 𑄳𑄝
- bā |
𑄳𑄟
- mā |
𑄳𑄦
- hā |
|---|---|---|---|
| 𑄇 k | 𑄇𑄳𑄝 | 𑄇𑄳𑄟 | 𑄇𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄈 kh | 𑄈𑄳𑄝 | 𑄈𑄳𑄟 | 𑄈𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄉 g | 𑄉𑄳𑄝 | 𑄉𑄳𑄟 | 𑄉𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄊 gh | 𑄊𑄳𑄝 | 𑄊𑄳𑄟 | 𑄊𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄋 ṅ | 𑄋𑄳𑄝 | 𑄋𑄳𑄟 | 𑄋𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄌 c | 𑄌𑄳𑄝 | 𑄌𑄳𑄟 | 𑄌𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄍 ch | 𑄍𑄳𑄝 | 𑄍𑄳𑄟 | 𑄍𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄎 j | 𑄎𑄳𑄝 | 𑄎𑄳𑄟 | 𑄎𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄏 jh | 𑄏𑄳𑄝 | 𑄏𑄳𑄟 | 𑄏𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄐 ñ | 𑄐𑄳𑄝 | 𑄐𑄳𑄟 | 𑄐𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄑 ṭ | 𑄑𑄳𑄝 | 𑄑𑄳𑄟 | 𑄑𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄒 ṭh | 𑄒𑄳𑄝 | 𑄒𑄳𑄟 | 𑄒𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄓 ḍ | 𑄓𑄳𑄝 | 𑄓𑄳𑄟 | 𑄓𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄔 ḍh | 𑄔𑄳𑄝 | 𑄔𑄳𑄟 | 𑄔𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄕 ṇ | 𑄕𑄳𑄝 | 𑄕𑄳𑄟 | 𑄕𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄖 t | 𑄖𑄳𑄝 | 𑄖𑄳𑄟 | 𑄖𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄗 th | 𑄗𑄳𑄝 | 𑄗𑄳𑄟 | 𑄗𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄘 d | 𑄘𑄳𑄝 | 𑄘𑄳𑄟 | 𑄘𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄙 dh | 𑄙𑄳𑄝 | 𑄙𑄳𑄟 | 𑄙𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄚 n | 𑄚𑄳𑄝 | 𑄚𑄳𑄟 | 𑄚𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄛 p | 𑄛𑄳𑄝 | 𑄛𑄳𑄟 | 𑄛𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄜 ph | 𑄜𑄳𑄝 | 𑄜𑄳𑄟 | 𑄜𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄝 b | 𑄝𑄳𑄝 | 𑄝𑄳𑄟 | 𑄝𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄞 bh | 𑄞𑄳𑄝 | 𑄞𑄳𑄟 | 𑄞𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄟 m | 𑄟𑄳𑄝 | 𑄟𑄳𑄟 | 𑄟𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄠 yy | 𑄠𑄳𑄝 | 𑄠𑄳𑄟 | 𑄠𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄡 y | 𑄡𑄳𑄝 | 𑄡𑄳𑄟 | 𑄡𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄢 r | 𑄢𑄳𑄝 | 𑄢𑄳𑄟 | 𑄢𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄤 w | 𑄤𑄳𑄝 | 𑄤𑄳𑄟 | 𑄤𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄥 s | 𑄥𑄳𑄝 | 𑄥𑄳𑄟 | 𑄥𑄳𑄦 |
| 𑄦 h | 𑄦𑄳𑄝 | 𑄦𑄳𑄟 | 𑄦𑄳𑄦 |
In the 1982 book Cāṅmār āg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:
| Consonant | 𑄳𑄇
- k |
𑄳𑄉
- g |
𑄳𑄌
- c |
𑄳𑄍
- ch |
𑄳𑄎
- j |
𑄳𑄏
- jh |
𑄳𑄑
- ṭ |
𑄳𑄖
- t |
𑄳𑄗
- th |
𑄳𑄘
- d |
𑄳𑄙
- dh |
𑄳𑄛
- p |
𑄳𑄝
- b |
𑄳𑄟
- m |
𑄳𑄦
- l |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𑄇 k | 𑄇𑄳𑄇 | 𑄇𑄳𑄌 | 𑄇𑄳𑄑 | 𑄇𑄳𑄖 | 𑄇𑄳𑄟 | ||||||||||
| 𑄋 ṅ | 𑄋𑄳𑄇 | 𑄋𑄳𑄉 | |||||||||||||
| 𑄌 c | 𑄌𑄳𑄌 | 𑄌𑄳𑄍 | |||||||||||||
| 𑄎 j | 𑄎𑄳𑄎 | ||||||||||||||
| 𑄐 ñ | 𑄐𑄳𑄌 | 𑄐𑄳𑄎 | 𑄐𑄳𑄏 | ||||||||||||
| 𑄑 ṭ | 𑄑𑄳𑄑 | ||||||||||||||
| 𑄖 t | 𑄖𑄳𑄖 | 𑄖𑄳𑄗 | 𑄖𑄳𑄟 | ||||||||||||
| 𑄘 d | 𑄘𑄳𑄘 | 𑄘𑄳𑄙 | |||||||||||||
| 𑄚 n | 𑄚𑄳𑄖 | 𑄚𑄳𑄗 | 𑄚𑄳𑄟 | ||||||||||||
| 𑄛 p | 𑄛𑄳𑄛 | ||||||||||||||
| 𑄝 b | 𑄝𑄳𑄝 | ||||||||||||||
| 𑄟 m | 𑄟𑄳𑄟 | ||||||||||||||
| 𑄣 l | 𑄦𑄳𑄇 | 𑄦𑄳𑄉 | 𑄦𑄳𑄍 | 𑄦𑄳𑄑 | 𑄦𑄳𑄛 | 𑄣𑄳𑄦 | |||||||||
| 𑄥 s | 𑄥𑄳𑄇 | 𑄥𑄳𑄑 | 𑄥𑄳𑄛 | 𑄥𑄳𑄟 | |||||||||||
| 𑄦 h | 𑄦𑄳𑄟 |
Letter names and punctuation
Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (𑅁) and double (𑅂) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (𑅃), and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna (𑅀), some looking like flowers or leaves.
Numerals
The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals.
0 (𑄶) (cinyo) [tʃʰinyœ]
1 (𑄷) 𑄃𑄬𑄇𑄴 / (ek) [æk]
2 (𑄸) 𑄘𑄪𑄃𑄨 / (dui) [d̪ui]
3 (𑄹) 𑄖𑄨𑄚𑄴 / (tin) [t̪in]
4 (𑄺) 𑄌𑄬𑄢𑄴 / (cer) [tʃʰer]
5 (𑄻) 𑄌𑄴𑄛 / (pac) [pʰatʃ]
6 (𑄼) 𑄍𑄧 / (cha) [tʃʰɔ]
7 (𑄽) 𑄖𑄴𑄥 / (sat) [tʃat̪]
8 (𑄾) 𑄃𑄖𑄴𑄖𑄮 / (atto) [ait̪t̪o]
9 (𑄿) 𑄚𑄧𑄂 / (na) [ñā]
10 (𑄷𑄶) 𑄘𑄧𑄌𑄴 / (dac) [dæç]
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Unicode
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.[8]
The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100–U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:
Educational Institutions
The Chakma language is taught in numerous government and private schools across India (in Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. In 2004, the Government of Tripura's Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages officially introduced Chakma in primary schools using the Bengali script. Since 2013, it has been taught using the Chakma script. Currently,[when?] 87 schools offer Chakma language instruction.[9]
References
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scheuren, Zachary (22 April 2019). "Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Joshi, R. Malatesha; McBride, Catherine, eds. (2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Literacy Studies. Vol. 17. p. 28. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4. ISBN 978-3-030-05976-7.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178357584.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G. (11 November 2013). Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. Birkhäuser. ISBN 9783034856942.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (28 July 2009). "Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chakma block chart" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brandt, Carmen (2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia". In Cardoso, Hugo C. (ed.). Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 86. hdl:10125/4602. ISBN 9780985621148.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Unicode 6.1.0". The Unicode Consortium. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chakma Language". The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages. Government of Tripura, India.
External links
- RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)
- Chakma Script Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- Chakma Bangla Blog
- Chakma Prototype Keyboard
- Chakma Unicode Converter
- Available Chakma Unicode Fonts
- Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX
- Chakma Open Dictionary
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tribal Languages - Banglapedia". Banglapedia. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
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