Christian state

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Christianity A Christian state is a country that recognizes a form of Christianity as its official religion and often has a state church (also called an established church),[1] which is a Christian denomination that supports the government and is supported by the government.[2] A Christian state stands in contrast to a secular state,[3] an atheist state,[4] or another religious state, such as a Jewish state,[5] or an Islamic state.[6]

Historically, the nations of Armenia,[7][8] Aksum, Makuria, and the Holy Roman Empire have declared themselves as Christian states, as well as the Roman Empire and its continuation the Byzantine Empire, the Russian Empire, the Spanish Empire, the British Empire, the Portuguese Empire, and the Frankish Empire, the Belgian colonial empire, the French empire.[9][10] Today, several nations officially identify themselves as Christian states or have state churches. These countries include Argentina, Armenia, Costa Rica, El Salvador,[11] Denmark (incl. Greenland and the Faroes),[12] England,[13] Dominican Republic,[14] Georgia,[15] Greece,[16] Hungary,[17] Iceland,[18] Liechtenstein,[19] Malta,[20] Monaco,[21] Samoa,[22] Serbia,[23] Tonga,[24] Tuvalu,[25] Vatican City,[26] and Zambia.[27] The laws of various Christian countries, such as those of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, even require their monarch to be a Christian (usually of a particular denomination, such as Evangelical Lutheranism).[28][29][30]

History

File:Justinian555AD.png
The boundaries of the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian the Great

The Armenian Apostolic Church traces its origins to the apostolic era, asserting apostolic succession from the apostles Bartholomew[31] and Thaddeus (Jude).[32][33][34] The formal establishment of Christianity as the state religion of Armenia is traditionally dated to 301 AD, during the reign of Tiridates III, following his conversion by Gregory the Illuminator. This makes Armenia the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, although the exact date has been subject to scholarly debate.[35] In 380, three Roman emperors issued the Edict of Thessalonica (Cunctos populos), making the Roman Empire a Christian state,[9] and establishing Nicene Christianity, in the form of its State Church, as its official religion.[36]

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, the Eastern Roman Empire under the emperor Justinian (reigned 527–565), became the world's predominant Christian state, based on Roman law, Greek culture, and the Greek language."[10][37][38] In this Christian state, in which nearly all of its subjects upheld faith in Jesus, an "enormous amount of artistic talent was poured into the construction of churches, church ceremonies, and church decoration".[37] John Binns describes this era, writing that:[39]Template:Quotation As a Christian state, Armenia "embraced Christianity as the religion of the King, the nobles, and the people".[7] In 326, according to official tradition of the Georgian Orthodox Church, following the conversion of Mirian and Nana, the country of Georgia became a Christian state, the Emperor Constantine the Great sending clerics for baptising people. In the 4th century, in the Kingdom of Aksum, after Ezana's conversion to the faith, this empire also became a Christian state.[8][40]

In the Middle Ages, efforts were made in order to establish a Pan-Christianity state by uniting the countries within Christendom.[41][42] Christian nationalism played a role in this era in which Christians felt the impulse to also recover those territories in which Christianity historically flourished, such as the Holy Land and North Africa.[43]

The First Great Awakening, American Revolution, and Second Great Awakening caused two rounds of disestablishment among the states of the new United States, from 1776 to 1833.[44]

Modern era

File:State Religions.svg
Countries with Christianity as their state religion are in blue.

Argentina

Article 2 of the Constitution of Argentina explicitly states that "the Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith" and Article 14 guarantees freedom of religion.[45][46]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,Script error: No such module "Footnotes". it gives Catholic Christianity a preferential status.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[47][48] Before its 1994 amendment, the Constitution stated that the President of the Republic must be a Roman Catholic.

Armenia

In Armenia, Christianity is the most adhered religion, it has massive significance, but it is not the state religion. The Armenian Apostolic Church is the national church, it has long kept the Armenian identity alive under various Empires. Armenia is the first country which recognised Christianity as a state religion.

Costa Rica

The constitution of Costa Rica states that "The Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State".[11] As such, Catholic Christian holy days are recognized by the government and "public schools provide religious education", although parents are able to opt-out their children if they choose to do so.[49]

Denmark

File:Holte Kirke 2005.jpg
A Church of Denmark parish church in Holte, with the Dannebrog flying in its kirkyard

As early as the 11th century AD, "Denmark was considered to be a Christian state",[50][51] with the Church of Denmark, a member of the Lutheran World Federation, being the state church.[52] Prof. Wasif Shadid, of Leiden University, writes that:

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Over 82% of the population of Denmark are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark, which is "officially headed by the queen of Denmark".[53] The Act of Succession specifies that monarch "shall be a member of the Evangelical Church."[28] Furthermore, clergy "in the Church of Denmark are civil servants employed by the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs" and the "economic base of the Church of Denmark is state-collected church taxes combined with a direct state subsidiary (12%), which symbolically covers the expenses of the Church of Denmark to run the civil registration and the burial system for all citizens."[53]

England

File:Canterbury Cathedral - Portal Nave Cross-spire.jpeg
Canterbury Cathedral houses the cathedra of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the primus inter pares of the worldwide Anglican Communion

Barbara Yorke writes that the "Carolingian Renaissance heightened appreciation within England of the role of king and church in a Christian state."[54] As such,

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Christian religious education is taught to children in primary and secondary schools in the United Kingdom.[55] English schools have a legal requirement for a daily act of collective worship "of a broadly Christian character"[56] that is widely flouted.[57]

Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a Christian state, with Catholic Christianity being the official religion.[14] In view of the same, the government of the Dominican Republic extends special privileges to the Catholic Church.[14] National holidays include holy days of Christianity, such as the Epiphany (January 6), Good Friday, Corpus Christi, and Christmas Day. In the Dominican Republic, religious education classes must be of either a Catholic or evangelical Protestant basis and are required be taught in all elementary and secondary public schools.[14]

Faroe Islands

The Church of the Faroe Islands is the state church of Faroe Islands.[58]

Georgia

Georgia is one of the oldest Christian states. Article 8 of Georgian Constitution and the Concordat of 2002 grants the Georgian Orthodox Church special privileges, which include legal immunity to the Patriarch of Georgia. The Orthodox Church is the most trusted institution in the country[59][60] and its head, Patriarch Ilia II, the most trusted person.[61][62]

Greece

Greece is a Christian state,[16][63] with the Church of Greece playing "a dominant role in the life of the country".[64]

Mount Athos and most of the Athos peninsula are governed as an autonomous region in Greece by the monastic community of Mount Athos, which is ecclesiastically under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

Greenland

Being an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark, the Church of Denmark is the established church of Greenland through the Constitution of Denmark:

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This applies toof the Kingdom of Denmark, except for the Faroe Islands, as the Church of the Faroe Islands became independent in 2007.

Hungary

The preamble to the Hungarian Constitution of 2011 describes Hungary as "part of Christian Europe" and acknowledges "the role of Christianity in preserving nationhood", while Article VII provides that "the State shall cooperate with the Churches for community goals". However, the constitution also guarantees freedom of religion and separation of church and state.[17]

Iceland

File:Dómkirkjan í Reykjavík 2023.jpg
Reykjavík Cathedral, mother Church of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland

Around AD 1000, Iceland became a Christian state.[65] The Encyclopedia of Protestantism states that:

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All public schools have mandatory education in Christianity, although an exemption may be considered by the Minister of Education.[66]

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein's constitution designates the Catholic Church as being the state Church of that country.[19] In public schools, per article 16 of the Constitution of Liechtenstein, religious education is given by Church authorities.[19]

Malta

File:Civil Ensign of Malta.svg
The Civil Ensign of Malta

Section Two of the Constitution of Malta specifies the state's religion as being the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion.[67][20] It holds that the "authorities of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty to teach which principles are right and which are wrong" and that "religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education".[67]

Monaco

Article 9 of the Constitution of Monaco describes "Script error: No such module "Lang". [the catholic, apostolic and Roman religion]" as the religion of the state.[21]

Norway

File:Norwegian Bible.jpg
The Bible in the Norwegian language

Cole Durham and Tore Sam Lindholm, writing in 2013, stated that "For a period of one thousand years Norway has been a kingdom with a Christian state church" and that a decree went out in 1739 ordering that "Elementary schooling for all Norwegian children became mandatory, so that all Norwegians should be able to read the Bible and the Lutheran Catechism firsthand."[68] The modern Constitution of Norway stipulates that "The Church of Norway, an Evangelical-Lutheran church, will remain the Established Church of Norway and will as such be supported by the State."[69] As such, the "Norwegian constitution decrees that Lutheranism is the official religion of the State and that the King is the supreme temporal head of the Church."[70][71] The administration of the Church "is shared between the Ministry for Church, Education and Research centrally and municipal authorities locally",[70] and the Church of Norway "depends on state and local taxes".[72] The Church of Norway is responsible for the "maintenance of church buildings and cemeteries".[73] In the mid-20th century, the vast majority of Norwegians participated in the Lutheran Church. According to a 1957 description, "[o]ver 90 percent of the population are married by state church clergymen, have their children baptized and confirmed, and finally are buried with a church service."[74] However, current membership in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway is lower, standing at 65% of the population in 2021.[75]

In 2017, the Church of Norway was made self-governing, with the identity of the denomination shifting from a state church to a national church.[76] The Church of Norway continues to be supported by public funding.[76] Succession rules governing the Monarchy of Norway require that the monarch be an Evangelical Lutheran holding membership in the Church of Norway.[29] Those who marry into the royal family of Norway are expected to be or become Evangelical Lutherans.[29]

Samoa

Samoa became a Christian state in 2017. Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”.[22]

Serbia

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Serbia as a territory became a Christian state during the time of Constantine the Great in Christianization of Eastern Roman Empire, according to the research and discoveries of artifacts left by the Illyrians, Triballi and other kindred tribes. More research has since been made that perhaps prove the existence of Serbs living in the Balkans during Roman times in Illyria. In the centuries that followed from the 4th to the 12th century, when Catholic Church was in a battleground between Serbia due the Eastern Orthodox Church, Serbia prevailed as Orthodox Christian state under his jurisdiction through Saint Sava.[77]

Serbia as modern state, defines in its constitution as a secular state with guaranteed religious freedom.[78] However, Orthodox Christians with 6,079,396 adherents comprise 84.5% of the country's population. The Serbian Orthodox Church is the largest traditional church of the country, adherents of which are overwhelmingly Serbs. The SOC directly or indirectly has cultural influence on both the decisions and positions of the state.[79][80][81]

Sweden

File:Konsekration Alsike Kyrka.png
Lutheran priest elevating the host during the offering of the Mass at Alsike Church, Sweden

Under the reign of Gustav Vasa, Sweden became an Evangelical-Lutheran Christian country.[82] The Protestant Reformation in Sweden was led by the Evangelical-Lutheran divines Olaus Petri and Laurentius Petri.[82] Laurentius Petri was consecrated in the apostolic succession that, according to the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 "must remain in the future, so long as the world lasts."[82] In 1544, the Parliament in Västerås declared Sweden to be an Evangelical-Lutheran kingdom.[82] The Kyrkogångsplikt was the legal obligation for Swedish citizens to attend Mass every Lord's Day in the Evangelical Lutheran church. The Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Sweden historically served as the state church, though in 2000, this relationship was loosened; "the Church of Sweden is still legally regulated by the state, and the monarch must be a member and assent to its theology."[83] The Swedish Act of Succession requires monarchs to "profess the pure evangelical faith".[30]

Tonga

Tonga became a Christian state under George Tupou I in the 19th century,[24][84] with the Free Wesleyan Church, a member of the World Methodist Council, being established as the country's state Church.[85] Under the rule of George Tupou I, there was established a "rigorous constitutional clause regulating observation of the Sabbath".[24]

Tuvalu

The Church of Tuvalu, a Calvinist church in the Congregationalist tradition, is the state church of Tuvalu and was established as such in 1991.[86] The Constitution of Tuvalu identifies Tuvalu as "an independent State based on Christian principles".[25]

Vatican City

File:StPetersBasilicaEarlyMorning.jpg
St. Peter's Square, Vatican City

Vatican City is a Christian state, in which the "Pope is ex officio simultaneously leader of the Catholic Church as well as Head of State and Head of the Government of the State of the Vatican City; he also possesses (Script error: No such module "Lang".) absolute authority over the legislative, executive and judicial branches."[26]

Zambia

Jeroen Temperman, a professor of international law at Erasmus University Rotterdam writes that:

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After "Zambia declared itself a Christian nation in 1991", "the nation's vice president urged citizens to 'have a Christian orientation in all fields, at all levels'."[27]

Established churches and former state churches

Current

Location Church Denomination Notes
Denmark Church of Denmark Lutheran
England Church of England Anglican
Faroe Islands Church of the Faroe Islands Lutheran Elevated from a diocese of the Church of Denmark in 2007 (the two remain in close cooperation)
Greece Greek Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox[87] The Church of Greece is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the "prevailing religion" in Greece.[87] However, this provision does not give official status to the Church of Greece, while all other religions are recognized as equal and may be practiced freely.[88]
Greenland Church of Denmark Lutheran Under discussion to be elevated from The Diocese of Greenland in the Church of Denmark to a state church for Greenland, along-the-lines the Faroese Church took in 2007
Iceland Lutheran Evangelical Church Lutheran
Liechtenstein Catholic Church[89] Catholic
Malta Catholic Church Catholic
Monaco Catholic Church Catholic
Nicaragua Catholic Church Catholic
Tuvalu Church of Tuvalu Reformed

Former

Location Church Denomination Disestablished
Anhalt Evangelical State Church of Anhalt United Protestant 1918, during the German Revolution
Armenia Armenian Apostolic Church Oriental Orthodox 1921
Austria Catholic Church Catholic 1918, under the Federal Constitutional Law
Baden Catholic Church Catholic 1918, during the German Revolution
United Evangelical Protestant State Church of Baden United Protestant 1918, during the German Revolution
Bavaria Catholic Church Catholic 1918, during the German Revolution
Protestant State Church in the Kingdom of Bavaria right of the Rhine Lutheran and Reformed 1918, during the German Revolution
United Protestant Evangelical Christian Church of the Palatinate United Protestant 1918, during the German Revolution
Bolivia Catholic Church Catholic 2009, under the Constitution of Bolivia
Brazil[note 1] Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1890
Brunswick Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick Lutheran 1918, during the German Revolution
Bulgaria Bulgarian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1946
Chile Catholic Church Catholic 1925
Colombia Catholic Church Catholic 1991[90][91]
Croatia[note 2] Catholic Church Catholic 1945
Connecticut Congregational Church Reformed 1818, under the Constitution of Connecticut
Cuba Catholic Church Catholic 1902
Cyprus Cypriot Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1977, with the death of the Ethnarch Makarios III
Czechoslovakia Catholic Church Catholic 1920, under the Czechoslovak Constitution
East Florida Church of England Anglican 1783
Ethiopia Ethiopian Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox 1974, after the formation of the Derg
Finland Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Lutheran 1869, however the organisation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is regulated by the Constitution of Finland[92] and Church Act of 1993.[93] The state also carries out taxing for the funding of the church on its members.[93]
Finnish Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1917
France[note 3] Catholic Church Catholic 1905, under the law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
Georgia (country) Georgian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1921
Guatemala Catholic Church Catholic 1871
Haiti Catholic Church Catholic 1987
Hawaii Church of Hawaii Anglican 1893, after the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Hesse Evangelical Church in Hesse United Protestant 1918, during the German Revolution
Hungary[note 4] Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1946
Ireland[note 5] Church of Ireland Anglican 1871
Republic of Ireland[note 6] Catholic Church Catholic 1973
Italy Catholic Church Catholic 1985, see Template:Section link
Lippe Church of Lippe Reformed 1918
Lithuania Catholic Church Catholic 1940
Lübeck Evangelical Lutheran Church in the State of Lübeck Lutheran 1918
Luxembourg Catholic Church Catholic Not an official state church
North Macedonia Macedonian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1921
Mecklenburg-Schwerin Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Lutheran 1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz Mecklenburg-Strelitz State Church Lutheran 1918
Mexico Catholic Church Catholic 1857, under the Federal Constitution (reestablished between 1864 and 1867)
Netherlands Dutch Reformed Church Reformed 1795
New Netherland Reformed Church in America Reformed 1674 (colony surrendered to English rule)
New Brunswick Church of England Anglican 1850
Norway Church of Norway Lutheran 2017, by legislation[100][101]
Nova Scotia Church of England Anglican 1850
Oldenburg Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg Lutheran 1918
Panama Catholic Church Catholic 1904
Paraguay Catholic Church Catholic 1992[102]
Peru Catholic Church Catholic 1993, under the Constitution of Peru
Philippines[note 7] Catholic Church Catholic 1898
Poland[note 8] Catholic Church Catholic 1947
Portugal Catholic Church Catholic 1911
Prince Edward Island Church of England Anglican 1850
Georgia (US state) Church of England Anglican 1789
Province of Maryland Church of England Anglican 1776
Massachusetts Congregational Church Reformed 1834[103]
New Hampshire Church of England Anglican 1877
North Carolina Church of England Anglican 1776
South Carolina Church of England Anglican 1790
Prussia
pre-1866 provinces		 Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces with nine ecclesiastical provinces United Protestant 1918
Prussia
Province of Hanover		 Evangelical Reformed State Church of the Province of Hanover Reformed 1918
Prussia
Province of Hanover		 Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover Lutheran 1918
Prussia
Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially)		 Evangelical State Church of Frankfurt upon Main United Protestant 1918
Prussia
Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially)		 Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck United Protestant 1918
Prussia
Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially)		 Evangelical State Church in Nassau United Protestant 1918
Prussia
Province of Schleswig-Holstein		 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schleswig-Holstein Lutheran 1918
Quebec Catholic Church Catholic 1960, after the Quiet Revolution
Romania Romanian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1947
Russia Russian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1917, after the Russian Revolution
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom God Worshipping Society God Worshipping Society 1864
Thuringia church bodies in principalities which merged in Thuringia in 1920 Lutheran 1918
Saxony Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony Lutheran 1918
Schaumburg-Lippe Evangelical State Church of Schaumburg-Lippe Lutheran 1918
Scotland[104] Church of Scotland Presbyterian State control disclaimed since 1638. Formally recognised as not an established church in 1921
Serbia Serbian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1946
Spain Catholic Church Catholic 1978
Sweden Church of Sweden Lutheran 2000
Switzerland separate Cantonal Churches («Landeskirchen») Zwinglianism & Calvinism or Catholic during the 20th century
United Province of Canada Church of England Anglican 1854
Uruguay Catholic Church Catholic 1918, (into effect in 1919)
Virginia Church of England Anglican 1786
Waldeck Evangelical State Church of Waldeck and Pyrmont United Protestant 1918
Wales[note 9] Church of England Anglican 1920
West Florida Church of England Anglican 1783
Württemberg Evangelical State Church in Württemberg Lutheran 1918

National church

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". A number of countries have a national church which is not established (as the official religion of the nation), but is nonetheless recognised under civil law as being the country's acknowledged religious denomination. Whilst these are not Christian states, the official Christian national church is likely to have certain residual state functions in relation to state occasions and ceremonial. Examples include Scotland (Church of Scotland) and Sweden (Church of Sweden). A national church typically has a monopoly on official state recognition, although unusually Finland has two national churches (the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church), both recognised under civil law as joint official churches of the nation.

See also

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Notes

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References

Citations

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  15. ↑ Constitution of Georgia Script error: No such module "webarchive". Article 9 (1 & 2) and 73 (1a1)
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Hungary's Constitution of 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
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  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "webarchive". (French): Art. 9, Principaute De Monaco: Ministère d'Etat (archived from the original on 27 September 2011).
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  22. ↑ Paul Pavlovich. The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church
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  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  34. ↑ Binns, John. An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 30. Template:ISBN.
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  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.
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  68. ↑ The Constitution of Norway, Article 16 (English translation, published by the Norwegian Parliament) Script error: No such module "webarchive".
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  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  86. ↑ a b [1] Script error: No such module "webarchive". The Constitution of Greece: Section II Relations of Church and State: Article 3, Hellenic Resources network Script error: No such module "webarchive"..
  87. ↑ [2] Script error: No such module "webarchive". THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE: PART TWO INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL RIGHTS: Article 13
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  101. ↑ Under the 1967 Constitution, Catholicism was the state religion as stated in Article 6: "The Catholic Apostolic religion is the state religion, without prejudice to religious freedom, which is guaranteed in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. Official relations of the republic with the Holy See shall be governed by concordats or other bilateral agreements." The 1992 Constitution, which replaced the 1967 one, establishes Paraguay as a secular state, as mentioned in section (1) of Article 24: "Freedom of religion, worship, and ideology is recognized without any restrictions other than those established in this Constitution and the law. The State has no official religion."
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ The modern Church of Scotland has always disclaimed recognition as an "established" church. The Church of Scotland Act 1921 formally recognised the Kirk's independence from the state.

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Sources

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Legal documents

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