Cyperus

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Cyperus is a large genus of about 700 species of sedges, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions.[2][3]

The word comes from the ancient Greek κύπερος (kúperos), which meant one or several species of this genus. Common names include papyrus sedges, flatsedges, nutsedges, umbrella-sedges, galingales, and zozoro (from Malagasy).

Description

They are annual or perennial plants, mostly aquatic and growing in still or slow-moving water up to 0.5 metres (20 in) deep. The species vary greatly in size, with small species only 5 centimetres (2 in) tall, while others can reach 5 metres (16 ft) in height. The stems are circular in cross-section in some, triangular in others, usually leafless for most of their length, with the slender grass-like leaves at the base of the plant, and in a whorl at the apex of the flowering stems. The flowers are greenish and wind-pollinated; they are produced in clusters among the apical leaves. The seed is a small nutlet.[4][5][6]

Ecology

Cyperus species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Chedra microstigma. They also provide an alternative food source for Bicyclus anynana larvae.[7] The seeds and tubers are an important food for many small birds and mammals.

Cyperus microcristatus (from Cameroon) and C. multifolius (native to Panama and Ecuador) are possibly extinct; the former was only found once, in 1995, and the latter has not been seen in the last 200 years. The "true" papyrus sedge of Ancient Egypt, C. papyrus subsp. hadidii, is also very rare today due to draining of its wetland habitat; feared extinct in the mid-20th century, it is still found at a few sites in the Wadi El Natrun region and northern Sudan.

Some tuber-bearing species on the other hand, most significantly the purple nutsedge, C. rotundus, are considered invasive weeds in much of the world.

Diversity

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Around 700 species are currently recognised in the genus Cyperus.[8]

Fossil record

Many fossil fruits of a Cyperus species have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[9] Several fossil fruits of †Cyperus distachyoformis have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[10]

Use by humans

Papyrus sedge (C. papyrus) of Africa was of major historical importance in providing papyrus. C. giganteus, locally known as cañita, is used by the Yokot'an Maya of Tabasco, Mexico, for weaving petates (sleeping mats) and sombreros. C. textilis and C. pangorei are traditionally used to produce the typical mats of Palakkad in India, and the makaloa mats of Niʻihau were made from C. laevigatus.

In Madagascar, material from cyperus (zozoro) is commonly used for making brooms and mats.[11] Fabric woven from zozoro is often produced and traded by the Sihanaka with other peoples including the once-influential Merina.[12][13] Pottery with zozoro motifs are common among Antsahabeans.[14] There is a taboo (fady) surrounding one zozoro type C. aequalis as a sacred ancestral plant; in which the grass shall not be cut when the paddy grains yellow or else hail and rain will fail his own crop.[11]

The chufa flatsedge (C. esculentus) has edible tubers and is grown commercially for these; they are eaten as vegetables, made into sweets, or used to produce the horchata in the Valencia region. Several other species – e.g. Australian bush onion (C. bulbosus) – are eaten to a smaller extent. For some Northern Paiutes, Cyperus tubers were a mainstay food, to the extent that they were known as tövusi-dökadö ("nutsedge tuber eaters")[15]

Priprioca (C. articulatus) is one of the traditional spices of the Amazon region and its reddish essential oil is used commercially both by the cosmetic industry, and increasingly as a flavoring for food.[16][17] Interest is increasing in the larger, fast-growing species as crops for paper and biofuel production.

Some species are grown as ornamental or pot plants, notably:

Some Cyperus species are used in folk medicine. Roots of Near East species were a component of kyphi, a medical incense of Ancient Egypt. Tubers of C. rotundus (purple nut-sedge) tubers are used in kampō.

An unspecified Cyperus is mentioned as an abortifacient in the 11th-century poem Script error: No such module "Lang"..[21]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Template:Cite POWO
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cyperus L., Sp. Pl.: 44 (1753)". Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 March 2015.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Win Huygh; Isabel Larridon; Marc Reynders; A. Muthama Muasya; Rafaël H. A. Govaerts; David A. Simpson; Paul Goetghebeur (2010). "Nomenclature and typification of names of genera and subdivisions of genera in Cypereae (Cyperaceae): 1. Names of genera in the Cyperus clade". Taxon. 59 (6): 1883–1890. Bibcode:2010Taxon..59.1883H. doi:10.1002/tax.596021.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gordon C. Tucker; Brian G. Marcks; J. Richard Carter (2003). "Cyperus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 26. 1754". In Flora of North Americaial Committee (ed.). Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Flora of North America. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–191.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.C. D. Adams (1994). "5. Cyperus L.". In G. Davidse; M. Sousa Sánchez; A. O. Chater (eds.). Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 6. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 423–440.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.G. E. Schatz, S. Andriambololonera, Andrianarivelo, M. W. Callmander, Faranirina, P. P. Lowry, P. B. Phillipson, Rabarimanarivo, J. I. Raharilala, Rajaonary, Rakotonirina, R. H. Ramananjanahary, B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Randrianasolo, N. Ravololomanana, Z. S. Rogers, C. M. Taylor & G. A. Wahlert (2011). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Monographs in Systematic Botany. Missouri Botanical Garden.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rinny E. Kooi; Paul M. Brakefield; William E. M.-T. Rossie (1996). "Effects of food plant on phenotypic plasticity in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 80 (1): 149–151. Bibcode:1996EEApp..80..149K. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00906.x. S2CID 221678693.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cyperus". The Plant List. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  9. ^ Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985
  10. ^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ruud, Jørgen (1960). Taboo: A Study of the Malagasy Fady. Oslo University Press. p. 67.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Machado, Pedro; Fee, Sarah; Campbell, Gwyn (2018). Textile Trades, Consumer Cultures, and the Material Worlds of the Indian Ocean: An Ocean of Cloth. Springer. p. 318. ISBN 978-3-319-58265-8.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campbell, Gwyn (2005). An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–1. ISBN 978-0-521-83935-8.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crossland, Zoë (2001). Ny Tany Sy Ny Fanjakana, the Land and the State: Archaeological Landscape Survey in the Andrantsay Region of Madagascar. University of Michigan. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-493-41583-3.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hittman, Michael (1996). Corbett Mack: The Life of a Northern Paiute. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 274–275. ISBN 9780803223769.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Atala, A. (2012). "A new ingredient: The introduction of priprioca in gastronomy". International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 1: 61–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2011.11.001.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Natura. "Perfumes baseados em Priprioca". Archived from the original on 3 April 2009.
  18. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 302. ISBN 9781405332965.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."How to Plant & Grow Dwarf Papyrus (Cyperus haspan)". Pond Informer. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dijkstra, K.M. (2022). "Rood cypergras – Cyperus longus". Wilde planten in Nederland en België (in Nederlands). K.M. Dijkstra. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.John M. Riddle (1994). Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674168763.

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