Digermane
Page Template:Chembox/styles.css has no content.
Template:Chembox IndexlistTemplate:Chembox ECHATemplate:Chembox CompToxTemplate:Chembox GHS (set)Template:Chembox Datapage check| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Digermane
| |
| Identifiers | |
| Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
| ChemSpider | Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
| EC Number | Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
| E number | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 880: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
PubChem CID
|
Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
|
| RTECS number | Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| Ge2H6 | |
| Molar mass | 151.308 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless gas |
| Density | 1.98 kg/m3[1] |
| Melting point | −109 °C (−164 °F; 164 K) |
| Boiling point | 29 °C (84 °F; 302 K) |
| Insoluble | |
| Hazards | |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
|
Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Template:Chembox Footer/trackingTemplate:Short description
Digermane is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.Ge2H6. One of the few hydrides of germanium, it is a colourless liquid. Its molecular geometry is similar to ethane.[2]
Synthesis
Digermane was first synthesized and examined in 1924 by Dennis, Corey, and Moore. Their method involves the hydrolysis of magnesium germanide using hydrochloric acid.[3] Many of the properties of digermane and trigermane Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.GeH3GeH2GeH3 were determined in the following decade using electron diffraction studies.[4] Further considerations of the compound involved examinations of various reactions such as pyrolysis and oxidation.
Digermane is produced together with germane by the reduction of germanium dioxide with sodium borohydride. Although the major product is germane, a quantifiable amount of digermane is produced in addition to traces of trigermane.[5] It also arises by the hydrolysis of magnesium-germanium alloys.[6]
Reactions
The reactions of digermane exhibit some differences between analogous compounds of the Group 14 elements carbon and silicon. However, there are still some similarities seen, especially in regard to pyrolysis reactions.
The oxidation of digermane takes place at lower temperatures than monogermane. The product of the reaction, germanium oxide, has been shown to act in turn as a catalyst of the reaction. This exemplifies a fundamental difference between germanium and the other Group 14 elements carbon and silicon (carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide do not exhibit the same catalytic properties).[7]
- Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.2 Ge2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 GeO2 + 6 H2O
In liquid ammonia, digermane undergoes disproportionation. Ammonia acts as a weakly basic catalyst. Products of the reaction are hydrogen, germane, and a solid polymeric germanium hydride.[8]
Pyrolysis of digermane is proposed to follow multiple steps:
- Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.Ge2H6 → 2 GeH3
- Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.GeH3 + Ge2H6 → GeH4 + Ge2H5
- Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.Ge2H5 → GeH2 + GeH3
- Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.GeH2 → Ge + H2
- Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.2 GeH2 → GeH4 + Ge
- Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.n GeH2 → (GeH2)n
This pyrolysis has been found to be more endothermic than the pyrolysis of disilane. This difference is attributed to the greater strength of the Ge-H bond vs the Si-H bond. As seen in the last reaction of the mechanism above, pyrolysis of digermane may induce polymerization of the Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.GeH2 group, where Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.GeH3 acts as a chain propagator and molecular hydrogen gas is released.[9] The dehydrogenation of digermane on gold leads to the formation of germanium nanowires.[10]
Digermane is a precursor to Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.GeH3−GH2−E−CF3, where E is either sulfur or selenium. These trifluoromethylthio (Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.−S−CF3) and trifluoromethylseleno (Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.−Se−CF3) derivatives possess a markedly higher thermal stability than digermane itself.[11]
Applications
Digermane has a limited number of applications; germane itself is the preferred volatile germanium hydride. Generally, digermane is primarily used a precursor to germanium for use in various applications. Digermane can be used to deposit Ge-containing semiconductors via chemical vapor deposition.[12]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Template:RubberBible97th
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pauling, Linus; Laubengayer, A. W.; Hoard, J. L. (1938). "The Electron Diffraction Study of Digermane and Trigermane". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 60 (7): 1605–1607. Bibcode:1938JAChS..60.1605P. doi:10.1021/ja01274a024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dennis, L.M.; Corey, R. B.; Moore, R.W. (1924). "Germanium. VII. The Hydrides of Germanium". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 46 (3): 657–674. Bibcode:1924JAChS..46..657D. doi:10.1021/ja01668a015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pauling, L.; Laubengayer, A.W.; Hoard, J.L. (1938). "The electron diffraction study of digermane and trigermane". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (7): 1605–1607. Bibcode:1938JAChS..60.1605P. doi:10.1021/ja01274a024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jolly, William L.; Drake, John E. (1963). "Hydrides of Germanium, Tin, Arsenic, and Antimony". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 7. pp. 34–44. doi:10.1002/9780470132388.ch10. ISBN 9780470132388. S2CID 227343469.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Emeleus, H.J.; Gardner, E.R. "The oxidation of monogermane and digermane". J. Chem. Soc. 1938: 1900–1909. doi:10.1039/jr9380001900.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dreyfuss, R.M.; Jolly, W.L. (1968). "Disproportionation of digermane in liquid ammonia". Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (12): 2645–2646. doi:10.1021/ic50070a037.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Johnson, O.H. (1951). "The Germanes and their Organo Derivatives". Chem. Rev. 48 (2): 259–297. doi:10.1021/cr60150a003. PMID 24540662.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gamalski, A.D.; Tersoff, J.; Sharma, R.; Ducati, C.; Hofmann, S. (2010). "Formation of Metastable Liquid Catalyst during Subeutectic Growth of Germanium Nanowires". Nano Lett. 10 (8): 2972–2976. Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.2972G. doi:10.1021/nl101349e. PMID 20608714.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holmes-Smith, R.D.; Stobart, S.R. (1979). "Trifluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylseleno derivatives of germane and digermane". Inorg. Chem. 18 (3): 538–543. doi:10.1021/ic50193a002.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xie, J.; Chizmeshya, A.V.G.; Tolle, J.; D'Costa, V.R.; Menendez, J.; Kouventakis, J. (2010). "Synthesis, Stability Range, and Fundamental Properties of Si-Ge-Sn Semiconductors Grown Directly on Si(100) and Ge(100) Platforms". Chemistry of Materials. 22 (12): 3779–3789. doi:10.1021/cm100915q.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Template:Hydrides by group
