Fasciation

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File:MulesEarFasciated 107393.jpg
Wyethia helianthoides or mule's ear wildflower (on right) showing fasciation
File:Crested Saguaro cactus.jpg
A "crested" saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea), resulting from fasciation, located at Saguaro National Park (West), Arizona, U.S.

Fasciation (pronounced Script error: No such module "IPAc-en"., from the Latin root meaning "band" or "stripe"), also known as cresting, is a relatively rare condition of abnormal growth in vascular plants in which the apical meristem (growing tip), which normally is concentrated around a single point and produces approximately cylindrical tissue, instead becomes elongated perpendicularly to the direction of growth, thus producing flattened, ribbon-like, crested (or "cristate"), or elaborately contorted tissue.[1] Fasciation may also cause plant parts to increase in weight and volume in some instances.[2] The phenomenon may occur in the stem, root, fruit, or flower head.

Some plants are grown and prized aesthetically for their development of fasciation.[3] Any occurrence of fasciation has several possible causes, including hormonal, genetic, bacteria, fungal, viral and environmental causes.

Cause

Fasciation can be caused by hormonal imbalances in the meristematic cells of plants, which are cells where growth can occur.[4][5] Fasciation can also be caused by random genetic mutation.[6] Bacterial and viral infections can also cause fasciation.[4] The bacterial phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians has been demonstrated as one cause of fasciation, such as in sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) plants,[7] and in lilies (Lilium longiflorum),[8] but many fasciated plants have tested negative for the bacteria in studies,[9]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". hence bacterial infection is not an exclusive causation.

Additional environmental factors that can cause fasciation include fungi, mite or insect attack and exposure to chemicals.[9] General damage to a plant's growing tip[9] and exposure to cold and frost can also cause fasciation.[4][6] Some plants, such as peas and cockscomb Celosia, may inherit the trait.[9]

Genetic fasciation is not contagious, but infectious fasciation can be spread from infected plants to others from contact with wounds on infected plants, and from water that carries the bacteria to other plants.[10]

Occurrence

Although fasciation is rare overall, it has been observed in over 100 vascular plant families,[11]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". including members of the genera Acer, Aloe, Acanthosicyos, Cannabis, Celosia, Cycas, Delphinium, Digitalis, Echinacea, Echinopsis, Euphorbia, Forsythia, Glycine max (specifically, soybean plants),[12] Primula, Iochroma, Prunus, Salix, and many genera of the cactus family, Cactaceae.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Cresting results in undulating folds instead of the typical "arms" found on mature saguaro cactus.[13]

File:Strawberry, DSCF3681.jpg
A "cockscomb" strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)

Many strawberry (Fragaria spp.) cultivars are susceptible to fasciation, often in response to environmental stresses.[14][15] As the fleshy edible portion of strawberries arises from the receptacle (a portion of the floral stem) rather than the ovary, strawberries that develop from fasciated stems also become fasciated, taking on a wedge or fan shape. Extreme examples are sometimes called "cockscomb" berries for their resemblance to a rooster's comb. Fasciated strawberries may be considered less marketable,[15]Template:R/superscript but may also grow to extraordinary sizes: in 2021 a fasciated strawberry of the Ilan variety grown in Kadima-Zoran in central Israel was weighed at Script error: No such module "convert"..[16]

Some varieties of Celosia are raised especially for their dependably fasciated flower heads, for which they are also called "cockscomb".[4] The Japanese fantail willow (Salix sachalinensis 'Sekka') is another plant that is valued for its fasciations.[4][9]

Prevention

Fasciation that is caused by bacteria can be controlled by not using fasciated plants and disposing of fasciated material.[10] Avoiding injury to plant bases and keeping them dry can reduce the spread of bacteria.[10] Avoidance of grafting fasciated plants and the pruning of fasciated matter can also reduce the spread of bacteria.[10]

Examples

See also

References

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  5. ↑ Galun, Esra (2007). Plant Patterning: Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 333. Template:ISBN
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Further reading

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