GSAT

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GSAT
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The GSAT-7A, a military communications satellite, in deployed configuration
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ManufacturerISRO
Country of originIndia
OperatorINSAT
ApplicationsCommunications
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Specifications
RegimeGeostationary orbit
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Production
StatusIn service
On order6
Built27
Launched27
Operational20
Retired3
Failed3
Lost1
Maiden launchGSAT-1 (GramSat-1) 18 April 2001
Last launchGSAT-7R (CMS-03) 2 November 2025

The GSAT (Geosynchronous Satellite)[1] series is a family of Indian communications satellites, indigenously developed and operated by the ISRO. The prorgamme was initiated in the early 2000s to create indigenous, multi-purpose, geostationary spacecrafts capable of supporting India's growing needs in telecommunications, broadcasting, broadband, emergency management, reconnaissance and navigation. The programme was supported by the development of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.

GSAT satellites include a total of 168 transponders (out of which 95 are leased out to provide services to broadcasters), and operate primarily in C, Extended C, Ku, Ka, S and L bands, with payload configurations tailored for civilian, commercial, and strategic needs. The development of both GSAT satellites and the GSLV launch system represents India's transition from dependence on foreign-built INSAT spacecraft to self-reliant national communications capability. As of 21 November 2025, 27 GSAT satellites manufactured by ISRO have been launched, out of which 20 are in service and six more being planned.

History

The GSAT programme began as part of ISRO's efforts to supplement the aging Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) fleet and reduce reliance on leased transponders from foreign satellites. Early missions of GSAT-1 (2001) and GSAT-2 (2003) were launched to test indigenous bus designs, power systems and communication payloads.

Between 2004 and 2020, ISRO launchd numerous GSAT satellites with varied roles including direct-to-home broadcasting support, tele-education and tele-medicine, high-throughput broadband, navigation augmentation for aviation, dedicated military communication.

Recent missions focus on high-bandwidth Ka band systems, secure strategic communication and navigation augmentation under GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN). Several satellites use advanced I-2K, I-3K and 1-6K satellite bus platforms designed for long life and high payload capacity.

Launched

The following is a list of launched GSAT satellites and their status. As of 2025, there were 27 GSAT launches with 20 of them being operational. Template:Sticky headerTemplate:Sort underTemplate:Table alignment

Launched GSAT satellites
GSAT series INSAT Series Other name(s) COSPAR ID Launch date and time,
UTC 		Launch vehicle Lift-off mass Orbital parameters Outcome Purpose
Longitude Inclination
GSAT-1 Template:Screen reader-only GramSat-1[2] 2001-015A Template:Dts, 10:13:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-I D2 1,540 kg (3,400 lb) 76.85° West (2006–2009) [a] 0.9° Launch failure Experimental
Launch placed it into lower than planned orbit, which prevented it from fulfilling its primary communications mission.
GSAT-2 Template:Screen reader-only GramSat-2[3] 2003-018A Template:Dts, 11:28:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-I D3 1,825 kg (4,023 lb) 47.95° East 2.43° Template:Success Experimental
Second experimental attempt.
GSAT-3 Template:Screen reader-only EduSat 2004-036A Template:Dts, 10:31:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-I F01 1,950 kg (4,300 lb) 74° East 2.71° Template:Success Educational
Mainly intended to meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for the country. Decommissioned on 30 September 2010 after six years of operation.
GSAT-4 Template:Screen reader-only HealthSat Template:Screen reader-only Template:Dts, 10:57:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II D3 2,220 kg (4,890 lb) 82° East Template:Screen reader-only Launch failure Communication and Navigation
Failed to reach orbit due to malfunction of the Fuel Booster Turbo Pump (FBTP) of the cryogenic upper stage.
GSAT-5P Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only Template:Dts, 10:34:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-I F06 2,310 kg (5,090 lb) 55° East Template:Screen reader-only Launch failure Replacement of INSAT-3E
Rebuilt from GSAT-5 (INSAT-4D)[4] Vehicle was destroyed by range safety officer after loss of control over liquid-fueled boosters.
GSAT-6 INSAT-4E Template:Screen reader-only 2015-041A Template:Dts, 11:22:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II D6 2,132 kg (4,700 lb) 83° East 1.4° Template:Operational Multimedia
A multimedia mobile satellite system; offers a Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (S-DMB) service, via mobile phones and mobile video/audio receivers for vehicles; can also be utilized for strategic and social applications.
GSAT-6A Template:Screen reader-only 2018-027A Template:Dts, 11:26:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II F08 2,140 kg (4,720 lb) 83° East 2.8° Communication failure Communication
Communication with the satellite was lost after the second orbit raising manoeuvre. Efforts are on to re-establish link but at this point it remains incommunicado.[5]
GSAT-7 INSAT-4F[6] Rukmini 2013-044B Template:Dts, 20:30:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-215 2,650 kg (5,840 lb) 74° East 0.06° Template:Operational Military
According to defense experts, it was built to enable the Indian Navy to acquire blue water capabilities and remove dependence on foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication services to its ships.
GSAT-7A Template:Screen reader-only Angry Bird 2018-105A Template:Dts, 10:40:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II F11 2,250 kg (4,960 lb) 63° East 0.0° Template:Operational Military
Advanced military communications satellite meant exclusively for the Indian Air Force.
GSAT-7R Template:Screen reader-only CMS-03 2025-249B Template:Dts, 11:56:00 Template:Flagicon LVM3 M5 4,410 kg (9,720 lb) 93.5° East 0.2° Template:Operational Military
Replacement for GSAT-7 Rukmini for Indian Navy.[7]
GSAT-8 INSAT-4G GramSat-8[8] 2011-022A Template:Dts, 20:38:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-202 3,093 kg (6,819 lb) 55° East 1.6° Template:Operational Navigation
To augment the capacity in the INSAT system; the GAGAN payload provides the Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), through which the accuracy of the positioning information obtained from the IRNSS (NAVIC) satellites is improved by a network of ground-based receivers and made available to users in the country through the geostationary satellites.
GSAT-9 Template:Screen reader-only South Asia Satellite 2017-024A Template:Dts, 11:27:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV MK-II F09 2,330 kg (5,140 lb) 48° East 0.0413° Template:Operational Navigation
Carried GAGAN navigation payload, a regional IRNSS (NAVIC) navigational system developed by India, that provides navigational services to the security forces and air traffic control organizations.
GSAT-10 Template:Screen reader-only 2012-051B Template:Dts Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-209 3,435 kg (7,573 lb) 83° East 0.1° Template:Operational Navigation
To augment telecommunication, direct-to-home and radio navigation services.[9]
GSAT-11 Template:Screen reader-only 2018-100B Template:Dts, 20:37:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-246 5,854 kg (12,906 lb) 74° East 0.0° Template:Operational Telecom
Aimed at providing advanced telecom and direct-to-home services in the country. Heaviest satellite built by India at the time.
GSAT-12 Template:Screen reader-only GramSat-12[10] 2018-100B Template:Dts Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-246 5,854 kg (12,906 lb) 74° East 0.0° Template:Success Multipurpose
Replacement of the INSAT-3B; provided services like tele-education, telemedicine, disaster management support and satellite internet access. Only GSAT satellite to be launched by PSLV.
GSAT-12R Template:Screen reader-only CMS-01 2020-099A Template:Dts, 11:18:00 Template:Flagicon PSLV-XL C50 1,425 kg (3,142 lb) 83° East 0.1° Template:Operational Multipurpose
Replacement of GSAT-12.
GSAT-14 Template:Screen reader-only 2014-001A Template:Dts, 10:48:00 Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II D5 1,982 kg (4,370 lb) 75° East 0.1° Template:Operational Communications
Replacement of GSAT-3.
GSAT-15 Template:Screen reader-only 2015-065A Template:Dts, 21:34:07 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-227 3,100 kg (6,800 lb) 93.5° East 0.0728° Template:Operational Communications
Similar to GSAT-10 satellite; to augment the capacity of transponders to provide more bandwidth for direct-to-home television and VSAT services.
GSAT-16 Template:Screen reader-only 2014-078A Template:Dts, 20:40:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-221[11] 3,150 kg (6,940 lb) 55° East 0.0° Template:Operational Communications
The communication payloads provide a combination of total 48 transponders across the three frequency bands (24 in Normal C band, 12 in Extended-C band and 12 in Ku-band) along with a Ku-band beacon transmitter, which is the highest for an Indian satellite. The spacecraft will be co-located with GSAT-8 at 55° East.
GSAT-17 Template:Screen reader-only 2017-040B Template:Dts, 21:15:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-238 3,477 kg (7,665 lb) 93.5° East 0.0° Template:Operational Communications
Payload includes 24 C-band, 2 lower C-band, 12 upper C-band, 2 CxS (C-band up/S-band down), and 1 SxC (S-band up/C-band down) transponders as well as a dedicated transponder for data relay (DRT) and search-and-rescue (SAR) services.[12]
GSAT-18 Template:Screen reader-only 2016-060A Template:Dts, 20:30:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-231 3,404 kg (7,505 lb) 74° East 0.1° Template:Operational Communications
To provide services in Normal C-band, Upper Extended C-band and Ku bands of the frequency spectrum.[13]
GSAT-19 Template:Screen reader-only 2017-031A Template:Dts, 11:58:00 Template:Flagicon LVM3 D1 3,136 kg (6,914 lb) 48° East 0.101° Template:Operational Communications
Rather than traditional transponders, GSAT-19 carries four Ku/Ka-band forward link beams and four Ku/Ka-band return link beams, providing much higher data throughput than India's previous communications satellites.[14]
GSAT-20 Template:Screen reader-only GSAT-N2[15] 2024-214A Template:Dts, 18:30:00 Template:Flagicon Falcon 9 Block 5 F9-398 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) 55° East 0.101° Template:Operational Communications
Entire capacity of the satellite leased to Dish TV.[16][17]
GSAT-24 Template:Screen reader-only GSAT-N1 2022-067A Template:Dts, 21:50:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-257 4,181 kg (9,218 lb) 48° East TBD Template:Operational Communications
The entire capacity onboard GSAT-N1 satellite would be leased to Tata Play.
GSAT-29 Template:Screen reader-only 2018-089A Template:Dts, 11:38:00 Template:Flagicon LVM3 D2 3,423 kg (7,546 lb) 55° East 0.0° Template:Operational Communications
The mission aims at providing high-speed bandwidth to Village Resource Centres (VRC) in rural areas.[18]
GSAT-30 Template:Screen reader-only 2020-005A Template:Dts, 21:05:00 Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-251 3,547 kg (7,820 lb) 83° East 0.0° Template:Operational Communications
Replacement satellite for INSAT-4A.[19]
GSAT-31 Template:Screen reader-only 2019-007B Template:Dts Template:Flagicon Ariane 5 ECA VA-251 2,536 kg (5,591 lb) 48° East 0.1° Template:Operational Telecom
This is the 40th communication satellite launched by ISRO.[20]

Planned

The following is a list of six planned GSAT launches. Template:Sticky headerTemplate:Sort underTemplate:Table alignment

Planned GSAT Satellites
GSAT series INSAT Series Other name(s) Launch date Launch vehicle Lift-off mass Status Purpose
GSAT-7B Template:Screen reader-only 2020s Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II TBD Template:Planned Military
Military communication satellite for Indian Army.[21]
GSAT-7C Template:Screen reader-only 2020s Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II TBD Template:Planned Military
Military communication satellite for Indian Air Force.[22]
GSAT-7S Template:Screen reader-only 2020s Template:Flagicon GSLV Mk-II TBD Template:Planned Military
Military communication satellite for Indian Air Force[citation needed]
GSAT-22 Template:Screen reader-only 2020s Template:Flagicon LVM3 TBD Template:Planned Communication
Communication satellite.[23]
GSAT-23 Template:Screen reader-only 2020s Template:Flagicon LVM3 TBD Template:Planned TBD
[23]
GSAT-32 Template:Screen reader-only GSAT-N3 Q2 2026 Template:Flagicon LVM3 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) Template:Planned Communication
Replacement of GSAT-6A.[23]

Statistics

As of 23 November 2025

Launches by year

1
2
3
4
5
2001
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
  •   Success
  •   Partial failure
  •   Failure
  •   Planned

Launches by rocket

  •   Ariane 5
  •   GSLV MKI
  •   GSLV MKII
  •   LVM3
  •   PSLV
  •   Falcon 9 Block 5

Launches by country

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Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
Script error: No such module "flag". 12 12 0 0
Script error: No such module "flag". 14 10 3 1
Script error: No such module "flag". 1 1 0 0
Total 27 23 3 1

See also

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References

Notes

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  1. ^ Previously: 73° West (2000) and 99° West (2000–2006)
References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ISRO GeoStationary Satellites". isro.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSAT 1". NASA. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSAT 2". NASA. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSat 5 (Insat 4D)". Gunter's Space Page. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The second orbit raising operation of GSAT-6A satellite has been successfully carried out by LAM Engine firing for about 53 minutes on March 31, 2018 in the morning. - ISRO". Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSAT 7". NASA. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pubby, Manu (18 July 2019). "Navy to buy Rs 1,589 crore satellite from ISRO". Economic Times. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSAT 8". NASA. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSAT 10". NASA. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSAT 12". NASA. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ariane 5 delivers DIRECTV-14 and GSAT-16 to orbit on Arianespace's latest mission success". Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Annual Report 2015-2016" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. December 2015. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-05.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GSAT-18 launched successfully on board Ariane-5 from Kourou in French Guiana". 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Now, ISRO successfully puts GSAT-19 satellite in orbit with GSLV Mk-III". The New Indian Express. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SpaceX launches communications satellite for India". mynews13.com. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SpaceX launches India's GSAT-N2 satellite on Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Falcon 9 Block 5 - GSAT-20". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ISRO successfully launches the GSAT-29 satellite from Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota on Wednesday". Bangalore Mirror. Nov 14, 2018. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."India's communication satellite GSAT-30 launched successfully". ISRO. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."India's 40th Communication Satellite, GSAT-31, Launched". NDTV. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Military communication satellite for Indian Army approved". Deccen Herald. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Defence ministry clears proposal for GSAT-7C satellite for IAF: A look at other military satellites in India". Firstpost. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  23. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kumar, Chethan (5 October 2021). "Space PSU NSIL to launch 4 more demand-driven communication satellites". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

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