Giaour
Giaour or Gawur or Gavour (/ˈdʒaʊər/; Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; from Template:Langx gâvor;[a] Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Bosnian; kaur/đaur) meaning "infidel", is a slur used mostly in the lands of the former Ottoman Empire for non-Muslims or, more particularly, Christians in the Balkans.[1][2]
Terminology
The terms "kafir", "gawur", and "rûm" (the last meaning "Rum millet") were commonly used in defters (tax registries) for Orthodox Christians, usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Ottoman Balkans included Greeks (rûm), Bulgarians (bulgar), Serbs (sırp), Albanians (arnavut) and Vlachs (eflak), among others.[2]
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica described the term as follows: Template:Quote
During the Tanzimat (1839–1876) era, a hatt-i humayun prohibited the use of the term by Muslims with reference to non-Muslims[3] to prevent problems occurring in social relationships.[4][need quotation to verify]
European cultural references
- Giaour is the name given to the evil monster of a man in the tale Vathek, written by William Beckford in French in 1782 and translated into English soon after. The spelling Giaour appears in the French as well as in the English translation.[5]
- In 1813 Lord Byron published his poem The Giaour: A Fragment of a Turkish Tale, whose themes revolve around the ideas of love, death, and afterlife in Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
- Le Giaour, an 1832 painting by Ary Scheffer, oil on canvas, "Musée de la Vie romantique", Hôtel Scheffer-Renan, Paris.
- Sonnet XL of Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850) by Elizabeth Barrett Browning contains these lines:
Musselmans and Giaours
Throw kerchiefs at a smile, and have no ruth
For any weeping.
See also
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- Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey
- Gabr, Persian term, from which "Giaour" is derived
- Kafir, Arabic equivalent
- Ajam
- Dhimmi
- Barbarian
- Farang
- Rum (endonym)
- Rayah
- Guiri is Spanish slang for a foreign tourist. According to Juan Goytisolo, it is derived from Turkish gâvur.[6]
- Epithets, exonyms, and other names for Muslim groups in the Ottoman Balkans:
Notes
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- ^ an obsolete variant of modern Script error: No such module "Lang". gaur, originally derived from Template:Langx
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Speros Vryonis (1993). The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf. Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 978-0-89241-532-8.
The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. 13 June 2013. p. 44. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.
In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.
- ^
Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Eastern Question". London Quarterly Review. London: E.C. Barton: 407. 1868. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
The application of the word giaour, dog, is forbidden by the Hatt-i-Humayoou [...].
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913. I.B.Tauris. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beckford, William (2013). Vathek. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-164578-5.
- ^ Pesquisas en la obra tardía de Juan Goytisolo, page 66, Volumen 33 de Foro hispánico, Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers"., Brigitte Adriaensen, Marco Kunz, Rodopi, 2009, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN. Quotes Estambul otomano, page 62, Juan Goytisolo, 1989, Barcelona, Planeta.
Bibliography
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
