InterPlanetary File System

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InterPlanetary File System
[[Programmer|Original authorTemplate:Pluralize from text]]Juan Benet and Protocol Labs[1]
[[Programmer|DeveloperTemplate:Pluralize from text]]Protocol Labs
Initial releaseFebruary 2015 (y)[1]
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Written inPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
  • Protocol implementations: Go (reference implementation), JavaScript, C (obsolete),[2] Python
  • Client libraries: Go, Java, JavaScript, Python, Scala, Haskell, Swift, Common Lisp, Rust, Ruby, PHP, C#, Erlang
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Available inGo, JavaScript, Python
TypePage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
LicenseMIT license, Apache license 2.0
Websiteipfs.tech
Repositorygithub.com/ipfs/ipfs

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The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a protocol, hypermedia and file sharing peer-to-peer network for sharing data using a distributed hash table to store provider information. By using content addressing, IPFS uniquely identifies each file in a global namespace that connects IPFS hosts, creating a distributed system of file storage and sharing.[3]

IPFS allows users to host and receive content in a manner similar to BitTorrent. As opposed to a centrally located server, IPFS is built around a decentralized system of user-operators who hold a portion of the overall data. Any user in the network can serve a file by its content address, and other peers in the network can find and request that content from any node who has it using a distributed hash table (DHT).[4]

In contrast to traditional location-based protocols like HTTP and HTTPS, IPFS uses content-based addressing to provide a decentralized alternative for distributing the World Wide Web.[3]

Design

The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized protocol, hypermedia, and peer-to-peer (P2P) network for distributed file storage and sharing. By using content-addressing, IPFS uniquely identifies files in a global namespace that interlinks IPFS hosts, creating a hypermedia system that enables efficient and reliable data distribution.[4]

IPFS allows users to host and receive content in a manner similar to BitTorrent. As opposed to a centrally located server, IPFS is built around a decentralized system of user-operators who hold a portion of the overall data, creating a resilient system of file storage and sharing. Any user in the network can serve a file by its content address, and other peers in the network can find and request that content from any node who has it using a distributed hash table (DHT). In contrast to BitTorrent, IPFS aims to create a single global network. This means that if two users publish a block of data with the same hash, the peers downloading content from one user will also exchange data with those downloading it from the second.[5]

Key features of IPFS include:

  • Content-addressed file storage: Each file is uniquely identified based on its content hash, ensuring data integrity and facilitating efficient retrieval.
  • Peer-to-peer architecture: A distributed network of nodes facilitates direct file sharing without the need for centralized servers.
  • Versioned file system: Supports file versioning and allows users to track changes over time.
  • Interoperability with distributed applications: IPFS integrates with decentralized applications (dApps), offering a storage layer for blockchain and Web3 ecosystems.

IPFS gateways allow browsers and tools that lack native IPFS support to access IPFS content over HTTP.[6] Users may choose not to install an IPFS client on their device and instead use a public gateway. A list of these gateways is maintained on the IPFS GitHub page.[7]

History

IPFS was created by Juan Benet, who later founded Protocol Labs in May 2014.[3][8] An alpha version was launched in February 2015, and by October of the same year was described by TechCrunch as "quickly spreading by word of mouth."[1] Network service provider Cloudflare started using IPFS in 2018 and launched its own IPFS gateway in 2022.[citation needed]

In March 2020, the Opera browser provided access to the centralized resources of the Unstoppable Domains provider by hosting content in IPFS.[citation needed]

Applications

ipfs-desktop app, created on Electron
  • IPFS is used as a storage layer for some decentralized applications and Web3 projects, including NFT platforms and blockchain-based services, because content addressing and distributed storage can improve data persistence and reduce reliance on single centralized servers.[15][16][17]

Anti-censorship

Malware

Phishing attacks have also been distributed through Cloudflare's IPFS gateway since July 2018. The phishing scam HTML is stored on IPFS, and displayed via Cloudflare's gateway. The connection shows as secure via a Cloudflare TLS certificate.[21]

The IPStorm botnet, first detected in June 2019, uses IPFS so it can hide its command-and-control amongst the flow of legitimate data on the IPFS network.[22] Security researchers had previously identified the possibility of using IPFS as a botnet command-and-control system.[23][24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Case, Amber (2015-10-04). "Why The Internet Needs IPFS Before It's Too Late". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."agorise / c-ipfs". git.agorise.net.
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Finley, Klint (2016-06-20). "The Inventors of the Internet Are Trying to Build a Truly Permanent Web". Wired. ISSN 1078-3148. OCLC 24479723. Archived from the original on 2020-12-15. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krishnan, Armin (2020). "Blockchain Empowers Social Resistance and Terrorism Through Decentralized Autonomous Organizations". Journal of Strategic Security. 13 (1): 41–58. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1743. ISSN 1944-0464. JSTOR 26907412.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Content addressing". docs.ipfs.tech. Archived from the original on 2020-08-29. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."IPFS Gateway". docs.ipfs.tech. Archived from the original on 2020-08-29. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Public Gateway Checker | IPFS". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2020-08-24. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."About". Protocol Labs. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Johnson, Steven (2018-01-16). "Beyond the Bitcoin Bubble". The New York Times. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.""Anna's Archive" Opens the Door to Z-Library and Other Pirate Libraries * TorrentFreak". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."'Shadow Libraries' Are Moving Their Pirated Books to The Dark Web After Fed Crackdowns". VICE. Archived from the original on 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Web3 tech helps banned books on piracy site Library Genesis slip through the Great Firewall's cracks, but for how long?". South China Morning Post. 2022-04-16. Archived from the original on 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Porter, Jon (2021-01-19). "Brave browser takes step toward enabling a decentralized web". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Deprecate local node support and ipfs:// scheme · Issue #37735 · brave/brave-browser". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Blockchain IPFS: Ultimate Guide to Decentralized Storage". Rapid Innovation. 2024-09-18. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."IPFS Storage Explained: How It Works". Filebase. 2025-03-12. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."IPFS: A new era of decentralized data storage". Kanga University. 2025-04-10. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Balcell, Marta Poblet (2017-10-05). "Inside Catalonia's cypherpunk referendum". Eureka Street. Vol. 27, no. 20. ISSN 1833-7724. Archived from the original on 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hill, Paul (2017-09-30). "Catalan referendum app removed from Google Play Store". Neowin. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dale, Brady (2017-05-10). "Turkey Can't Block This Copy of Wikipedia". Observer. ISSN 1052-2948. Archived from the original on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abrams, Lawrence (2018-10-04). "Phishing Attacks Distributed Through Cloudflare's IPFS Gateway". Bleeping Computer. Archived from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Palmer, Danny (2019-06-11). "This unusual Windows malware is controlled via a P2P network". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Patsakis, Constantinos; Casino, Fran (2019-06-04). "Hydras and IPFS: a decentralised playground for malware". International Journal of Information Security. 18 (6): 787–799. arXiv:1905.11880. doi:10.1007/s10207-019-00443-0. S2CID 167217444.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macabeus, Bruno; Vinicius, Marcus; Cavalcante, João Paolo; de Souza, Cidcley Teixeira (2018-05-06). Protocolos IPFS e IPNS como meio para o controle de botnet: prova de conceito. Workshop de Segurança Cibernética em Dispositivos Conectados (in português do Brasil). Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via SBC Open Lib.

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