Islamic sciences
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The Islamic sciences (Template:Langx) are a set of traditionally defined religious sciences practiced by Islamic scholars (Script error: No such module "lang".), aimed at the construction and interpretation of Islamic religious knowledge.[1]
Different sciences
These sciences include:
- Script error: No such module "lang".: Islamic jurisprudence
- Script error: No such module "lang".: the study of the authenticity of Prophetic traditions or hadith
- Script error: No such module "lang".: the biographical study of hadith transmitters with the purpose of evaluating their trustworthiness
- Script error: No such module "lang". (sometimes also called Script error: No such module "lang"., "the roots of religion"): speculative theology / and some reasoning[2]
- Script error: No such module "lang".: Arabic grammar
- Script error: No such module "lang".: interpretation of the Qur'an
- Script error: No such module "lang".: the study of abrogation (parts of the Qur'an which supersede or cancel other parts)
- Script error: No such module "lang".: rules for the proper recitation of the Qur'an
- Script error: No such module "lang".: on the various ways in which the Qur'an can be recited
- Script error: No such module "lang".: Islamic eschatology (on the end times and the Day of Resurrection (Script error: No such module "lang".))
- Script error: No such module "lang".: moral ethics was an important subject for Muslim intellectuals in medieval Islam.[3]
In Shiʿi Islam
Shiʿi Islam[4][5] Many of the same subjects are studied at Shiʿi seminaries (known as hawza), but there are some differences:
- Script error: No such module "lang". (Islamic philosophy)
- Fiqh (jurisprudence)
- Ilm al-Hadith (traditions)
- Ilm al-Kalam (theology)
- 'Ilm ar-Rijal (evaluation of biographies)
- Script error: No such module "lang". (Islamic mysticism)
- Script error: No such module "lang". (Logic)
- Lugha (language studies)
- Tafsir al-Qur'an (interpretation of the Qur'an)
- Tarikh (history)
- Ulum al-Qur'an (Qur'an sciences)
- Usul al-Fiqh (principles of jurisprudence)
According to Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali
The celebrated Islamic scholar Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali wrote on Islamic sciences in his well known book The Revival of Religious Sciences (Ihya `ulum al‑din). He argued that a Muslim has a religious obligation (wajib) to know whatever aspects of religious science are necessary for them to obey Shari'ah in doing whatever work it is they do. So, for example, someone working in animal husbandry should know rules concerning zakat; a merchant "doing business in an usurious environment", should learn rules about riba so as "to effectively avoid it".[6] Sciences whose knowledge is wajib kifa'i (must be known by some people in society, although once enough people have met the obligation, the rest of the population is relieved of it).
Al‑Ghazali considers wajib kifa'i religious sciences to be classified into four groups:
- Usul (principles; i.e. the Qur’an, the sunnah, ijma` or consensus and the traditions of the Prophet's companions)
- Furu` (secondary matters; i.e. problems of jurisprudence, ethics and mystical experience)
- Introductory studies (Arabic grammar, syntax, etc.)
- Complementary studies (recitation and interpretation of the Qur’an, study of the principles of jurisprudence, `ilm al‑rijal or biographical research about narrators of Islamic traditions etc.)[6]
Al‑Ghazzali aserts that not all religious sciences are "praiseworthy" (mahmud), as some proport to be "oriented towards the Shari'ah but actually deviate from its teachings". These are known as "undesirable" (madhmum).[6]
See also
References
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- ^ On the term Script error: No such module "lang"., see Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.. On the term 'speculative theology', see, e.g. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "rationally minded theologians employed the methods and techniques of speculative theology, ‘kalām’ or ‘ʿilm al-kalām’, as it is typically called".
- ^ Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, "Ethics and morality" 2009: p.217
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011.
- ^ Thinkin ahead: Shi'ite Islam in Iraq and its seminaries Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Christoph Marcinkowsi, Nayang Technological University, Singapore
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Golshani, Mehdi (12 March 2013). "Introduction". Science and the Muslim Ummah. Al-Islam.org. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Works cited
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campo, Juan E. (2009). "Ethics and morality". Encyclopedia of Islam. pp. 214–216. ISBN 9781438126968. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gilliot, Cl.; Repp, R.C; Nizami, K.A.; Hooker, M.B.; Lin, Chang-Kuan; Hunwick, J.O. (1960–2007). "ʿUlamāʾ". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1278.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gimaret, D. (1960–2007). "Uṣūl al-Dīn". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7760.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schmidtke, Sabine (2016). "Introduction". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.48.
