L

L (minuscule: l) is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other Western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is el (pronounced /ˈɛl/ <phonos file="LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-L.wav"></phonos> ), plural els.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph	Phoenician lamedh	Western Greek Lambda	Etruscan L	Latin L
<hiero>S39</hiero>

Lamedh may have come from a pictogram of an ox goad or cattle prod. Some have suggested that it represents a shepherd's staff.

Typographic variants

In most sans-serif typefaces, the lowercase letter ell ⟨l⟩, written as the glyph Template:Char, may be difficult to distinguish from the uppercase letter "eye" ⟨I⟩ (written as the glyph Template:Char); in some serif typefaces, the glyph Template:Char may be confused with the glyph Template:Char, the digit one. To avoid such confusion, some newer computer fonts (such as Trebuchet MS) have a finial, a curve to the right at the bottom of the lowercase letter ell. Other style variants are provided in script typefaces and display typefaces. All these variants of the letter are encoded in Unicode as U+004C L or U+006C l , allowing presentation to be chosen according to each context. For specialist mathematical and scientific use, there are a number of dedicated codepoints in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block.

In the Romain du Roi, where the ascenders of lowercase letters have symmetrical serifs at the top, Template:Char has an extra serif to the left at the mean line to distinguish it from capital Template:Char.

Another means of reducing such confusion is to use symbol Template:Char, which is a cursive, handwriting-style lowercase form of the letter "ell". In Japan and Korea, for example, this is the symbol for the liter. (The International Committee for Weights and Measures recommends using Template:Char or Template:Char for the liter, without specifying a typeface.) In Unicode, the cursive form is encoded as U+2113 ℓ from the "letter-like symbols" block. Unicode encodes an explicit symbol as U+1D4C1 𝓁 . The TeX syntax <math>\ell</math> renders it as $\ell$. In mathematical formulas, an italic form (Template:Char) of the script ℓ is the norm.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of ⟨l⟩ by language

Orthography	Phonemes
Catalan	/l/
Template:Nwr	/l/
English	/l/, silent
French	/l/, silent
German	/l/
Portuguese	/l/
Spanish	/l/
Turkish	/l/, /ɫ/

English

In English orthography, ⟨l⟩ usually represents the phoneme /l/, which can have several sound values, depending on the speaker's accent, and whether it occurs before or after a vowel. In Received Pronunciation, the alveolar lateral approximant (the sound represented in IPA by lowercase ) occurs before a vowel, as in lip or blend, while the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (IPA ) occurs in bell and milk. This velarization does not occur in many European languages that use ⟨l⟩; it is also a factor making the pronunciation of ⟨l⟩ difficult for users of languages that lack ⟨l⟩ or have different values for it, such as Japanese or some southern dialects of Chinese. A medical condition or speech impediment restricting the pronunciation of ⟨l⟩ is known as lambdacism.

In English orthography, ⟨l⟩ is often silent in such words as walk or could (though its presence can modify the preceding vowel letter's value), and it is usually silent in such words as palm and psalm; however, there is some regional variation. L is the eleventh most frequently used letter in the English language.

Other languages

⟨l⟩ usually represents the sound or some other lateral consonant. Common digraphs include ⟨ll⟩, which has a value identical to ⟨l⟩ in English, but has the separate value voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (IPA ) in Welsh, where it can appear in an initial position. In Spanish, ⟨ll⟩ represents (, , , , , or , depending on dialect).

A palatal lateral approximant or palatal ⟨l⟩ (IPA ) occurs in many languages, and is represented by ⟨gli⟩ in Italian, ⟨ll⟩ in Spanish and Catalan, ⟨lh⟩ in Portuguese, and ⟨ļ⟩ in Latvian.

In Turkish, ⟨l⟩ generally represents /l/, but represents /ɫ/ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨ı⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩.

In Washo, lower-case ⟨l⟩ represents a typical [l] sound, while upper-case ⟨L⟩ represents a voiceless [l̥] sound, a bit like double ⟨ll⟩ in Welsh.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses Template:Angbr IPA to represent the voiced alveolar lateral approximant and a small cap Template:Angbr IPA to represent the voiced velar lateral approximant.

Other uses

• The capital letter L is used as the currency sign for the Albanian lek and the Honduran lempira. It was often used, especially in handwriting, as the currency sign for the Italian lira. Historically, it was commonly used as a currency sign for the British pound sterling (to abbreviate the Latin , a pound, see £sd); in modern usage, it has been overtaken by the pound sign (£), which is based on $𝔏$, the blackletter form of the letter. In running text, its lower-case form (usually italicised), l, was more often seen.
• The Roman numeral L represents the number 50.
• In the International system of units, the liter (or litre) is abbreviated using a lower-case Template:Char or Template:Char, or an upper-case Template:Char. The latter form is used to avoid the risk of confusion between the letter l (el) and the numeral 1 (one) (For ℓ, see above.)
• In watchmaking, the ligne (a traditional French measure of length still used in the industry) is abbreviated using an upper-case L.
• In chemistry, L is used as a symbol (as is N_A) for the Avogadro constant.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• IPA-specific symbols related to L: ʟ ɫ ɬ ɭ ɺ ɮ ꞎ ˡ
• IPA superscript symbols related to L: 𐞛 𐞜
• Extensions to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA): 𝼄 𐞝
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to L:
  • U+1D0C ᴌ
  • U+1D38 ᴸ
• ₗ : Subscript small l was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902
• ȴ : L with curl is used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics
• Ꞁ ꞁ : Turned L was used by William Pryce to designate the Welsh voiced lateral spirant [ɬ] The lower case is also used in the Romic alphabet. In Unicode, these are U+A780 Ꞁ and U+A781 ꞁ .
• 𝼦 : Small letter l with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.
• Other variations are used for phonetic transcription: ᶅ ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ 𝼑 𝼓
• Ꝇ ꝇ : Broken L was used in some medieval Nordic manuscripts
• Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to L:
  • U+AB37 ꬷ
  • U+AB38 ꬸ
  • U+AB39 ꬹ
  • U+AB5D ꭝ
  • U+AB5E ꭞ
• L with diacritics: Ĺ ĺ Ł ł Ľ ľ Ḹ ḹ L̃ l̃ Ļ ļ Ŀ ŀ Ḷ ḷ Ḻ ḻ Ḽ ḽ Ƚ ƚ Ⱡ ⱡ

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ℒ 𝓁 : script letter L (uppercase and lowercase, respectively), used in mathematics. (In other contexts, a script typeface (or computer font) should be used.)
• ℓ : mathematical symbol 'ell'; liter (traditional symbol)
• £ : pound sign
• Ꝉ ꝉ : Forms of L were used for medieval scribal abbreviations
• Ł or ł, "L with stroke" used in Polish and many neighbouring languages

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

•  : Semitic letter Lamedh, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Λ λ : Greek letter Lambda, from which the following letters derive
    • Л л : Cyrillic letter El
    • Ⲗⲗ : Coptic letter Lamda
    • 𐌋 : Old Italic letter L, which is the ancestor of modern Latin L
      • ᛚ : Runic letter laguz, which might derive from old Italic L
    • 𐌻 : Gothic letter laaz

Other representations

Computing

The Latin letters ⟨L⟩ and ⟨l⟩ have Unicode encodings U+004C L and U+006C l . These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for ⟨L⟩ and ⟨l⟩ with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.

Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility.

External links

• Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
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