Merfolk

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Hatnote list' not found. Merfolk, Mercreatures, Mermen or Merpeople are legendary water-dwelling, human-like beings. They are attested in folklore and mythology throughout the ages in various parts of the world. Merfolk, Merpeople, or simply Mer refers to humanoid creatures that live in deep waters like Mermaids, Sirens, Cecaelia etc.

In English, female merfolk are called mermaids, although in a strict sense, mermaids are confined to beings who are half-woman and half-fish in appearance; male merfolk are called mermen. Depending on the story, they can be described as either ugly or beautiful.

Chinese rényú (Script error: No such module "Lang".) stands for "merfolk", but in ancient geographical or natural historical tracts, the term referred to "human-fish" or "man-fish" purported to inhabit rivers or lakes in certain parts of China. The Japanese analogue ningyo (Script error: No such module "Lang".) likewise translates to "human-fish" while, at the same time, having also applied to various human-like fish recorded in writings from medieval times into the Edo Period.

China

Certain fantastical types of "fish", generically referred to as renyu (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "human-fish") are alleged to occur in various parts of China according to the Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas, 4th century BC). It is mentioned in the Bei Shan Jing ("Classic of the Northern mountains"), Zhong Shan Jing (Central Mountains), and Xi Shan Jing (Western Mountains) sections of this work.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[1]

This work and others also mention several additional types of "anthropomorphic fish"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. with limbs in other regions such as the chiru [zh] (Script error: No such module "Lang".; "red ru fish"[2]) and lingyu [zh] (Script error: No such module "Lang".; "hill-fish"), considered to be in the same category of creatures. Certain tribes or races of humans were also described being part-fish, namely the Di people [zh].Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

It is recorded that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was illuminated with lamps fueled by the oil of the human-fish (renyu), whose flames were meant to last a very long time.[3][4]

In the Chinese Song Dynasty's supernatural tale collection Yijian Zhi (夷堅志), there are stories of sea sirens similar to those in other folklore. One tale describes a beautiful female demon living on a cliff of an island. A man sailed to the island, married a woman there, and she taught him how to recognize plants and avoid dangers, protecting him from wild beasts. They had two sons together. However, when a fellow townsman arrived on the island and took the man back by boat, the woman cursed him, throwing their sons into the water in a fit of rage and yelling at him to leave. The man stayed silent after boarding the ship.[5]

Another tale from Guangzhou tells of a merchant who, upon reaching an island, was captured by two women and taken into the mountains. They fed him daily, but he couldn't tell if he was still alive. After about a year, he overheard the women discussing magic, and he begged them to take him to the place where it was performed. When they did, he sought help, causing the women to flee by flying away. Though he was revived, his food gradually dwindled, and he died two months later.[5]

Renyu or human-fish

(aka haieryu. subtypes tiyu and niyu )

Page Template:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.

Renyu of Jueshui ("Bursting River"), Mt. Dragon-Marquis.
A fei-like renyu
Described as resembling a fei 𩵥 type of fish.
― Wang Qi. Sancai Tuhui (1609)[6][a]
A tiyu-like renyu
Described as resembling a tiyu Script error: No such module "Lang". .[b]
―Wang Fu [zh](d. 1759) Shan hai jing cun, pub. 1895[7]

The renyu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; human-fish) is described in the Bei Shan Jing ("Classic of the North Mountains") section as dwelling on Mt. Longhou (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "Dragon-Marquis Mountain") in the waters of the Jueshui (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "Bursting River"), which flows eastward into the Yellow River.[8] It is said to "resemble the tiyu"[9][10] (translated as "resemble catfish"[11]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[12])[13][c][16] possess four legs, with a voice like baby crying.[17]

Eating the fish purportedly cured idiocy[11] or dementia.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. This fish as a cure was also quoted in the Compendium of Materia Medica or Bencao Gangmu (1596) under its entry for Tiyu (Chinese: 䱱魚)[17]

The Bencao Gangmu categorized the tiyu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) as one of two types of "human-fish" (renyu). The human-fish were also known as "child-fish" or haieryu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".).[17][18]

The other type, called the niyu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is elaborated in a separate section.[19] It has been noted by Li Shizhen that the character for the Niyu (Ni Script error: No such module "Lang". fish) consists of the "fish" indexing component (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and "child" (Script error: No such module "Lang".) radical.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Translators of the Bencao Gangmu attempt to match entries with actual taxa of animals, forbs, etc., where possible, and the tiyu type is glossed as "newts" while the niyu type is "Chinese giant salamander".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Chiru or red ru fish

The chiru or "red ru fish".
― Hu Wenhuan 胡文焕 (fl. 1596–1650). Shanhaijing tu 山海經圖 ("Illustrations to the Classic of Mountains and Seas", 16th century).[d]

The chiru [zh] (Script error: No such module "Lang".; "red ru fish".[2] Wade–Giles: ch'ih-ju; "red ju"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.) is described in the Nan Shan Jing ("Classic of the Southern Mountains") as a human-headed fish. It is said to be found in the Qingqushan (Script error: No such module "Lang". "Green-Hills Mountains") in the Pool-of-Yi (Yì zhī zé Script error: No such module "Lang".; "Carp-Wings Lake"). It is described as basically fish-form but having a human face, and issuing sounds like the mandarin duck. Eating it purportedly prevented scabies or itchy skin.[21][2]

The illustration of the chiru from China may have influenced the legless, human-faced fish visualization of some of the ningyo in Japan, according to the hypothesis of Morihiko Fujisawa [ja].Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Jiaoren

The jiaoren (蛟人 "flood dragon people" or 鮫人 "shark people")[23][e] that appear in medieval writings are considered to be references to merfolk.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[24][25]

This mythical southern mermaid or merman is recorded in Ren Fang [zh]'s Shuyi ji [zh] "Records of Strange Things" (early 6th century CE).[26][27]

In the midst of the South Sea are the houses of the kău (Chinese: 鮫; pinyin: jiao; Wade–Giles: chiao[28]) people who dwell in the water like fish, but have not given up weaving at the loom. Their eyes have the power to weep, but what they bring forth is pearls.[29]

Similar passages appear in other texts such as the Bowuzhi (Script error: No such module "Lang"., "Treatise of Manifold " c. 290 CE) as "weep[ing] tears that became pearls".[30]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[31][f]

These aquatic people supposedly spun a type of raw silk called jiaoxiao 蛟綃 "mermaid silk" or jiaonujuan 蛟女絹 "mermaid woman's silk". Schafer equates this with sea silk, the rare fabric woven from byssus filaments produced by Pinna "pen shell" mollusks.[32][g]

Loting

Artist interpretation of Lu Heng fish activity by Author Hwlisc

Loting (盧亭) is a mysterious ethnic group residing in Hong Kong's Myths.[34] They are legendary merfolk half human and half fish, also known as Lo Yu, Lu Heng, or Lo Ting Fish Man.[35] They have lived on Tai O' Lantau Island in Hong Kong since the local civil uprising in the Eastern Jin Dynasty of China.[36] It is said that Loting has fish scales on his fish-like human body, a face that resembles humans, and he enjoys sucking chicken blood.[37] They could use their catch to fish from Tai O and trade chickens with the local human inhabitants to survive.

Japan

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

The ningyo (Script error: No such module "Lang". "human-fish") of Japan has its own history in the country's literary record. The earliest references (in the Nihon shoki, entry for year 619, reign of Empress Suiko) do not specifically use the term ningyo, and the "thing" appeared in fresh water (a river in Ōmi Province, canal Settsu Province), and may presumed to be a giant salamander.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Later accounts claim that Empress Suiko's regent Prince Shōtoku knew the creature to be a ningyo when one was presented to him by representatives of Ōmi.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The appearance of the human-fish was strongly associated with ill omen in later treatments of the Prince's encounter with the human-fish.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

During the Kamakura Period, ningyo of the marine sort were frequently reported as washing ashore, and these were taken to be ominous signs usually prefiguring bloody battles.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The ningyo, or rather renyu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and the like found in Chinese sources (chiru, tiyu etc., etc., discussed above) were also discussed in Japanese literature, for example, works of scholars of herbal and traditional medicine, such as Kaibara Ekiken (d. 1714) and Ono Ranzan (d. 1810). These Japanese scholars were also aware of European discussions on "sirens", "anthropomorphic fish", "peixe muller (fish-woman)", etc.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Philippines

Merfolk, known collectively as Taga-Dagat or sometimes Bantay Tubig ("Water Guardians"), are aquatic beings in Philippine mythology. Due to the country's diverse cultures and languages across its many islands, tales of merfolk vary widely. These beings are often considered engkanto or supernatural entities or nature spirits and are believed to guard bodies of water.[38][39][40] The most well-known merfolk figure is the Sirena, a mermaid-like creature with the upper body of a human female and the tail of a fish. Sirenas are known for their mesmerizing voices, which they use to lure fishermen or sailors to their deaths by drowning or abduction. In some stories, Sirenas are portrayed as malevolent, while in others, they can become kind and loyal if they fall in love with a human.[41] The Sireno is the male counterpart of the Sirena, though it appears less frequently in stories. Sometimes, Sirena are paired with the Siyokoy (also spelled Shokoy or Syokoy), another type of aquatic creature. Siyokoy are depicted as hostile sea monsters with scales, webbed limbs, and grotesque features. Unlike the Sirena, Siyokoy are more animalistic and are believed to drown humans. Their name is thought to originate from the Hokkien term shui gui, referring to water spirits in Chinese folklore.[38][39][42][43] Another merfolk being is the Kataw, often considered a higher-ranking water entity than the Sirena or Siyokoy. Kataw resemble humans but have gills, fins, and sometimes even human feet and the ability to manipulate water elements. They are known to disguise themselves as fishermen and lure humans into the sea. A human-eating version of the Sirena is the Magindara, often portrayed in Bicolano folklore.[40][44][45]

See also

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Look up merperson, merpeople, merfolk, merchild, or merchildren in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Explanatory notes

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ The accompanying text here says the renyu resembles a fish called fei.
  2. ^ Image for the tiyu (renyu/haieryu) in Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Benca Gangmu is reproduced in Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. which resembles this picture.
  3. ^ The tiyu is not literally a catfish but a subtype of renyu "human-fish", according to the Bencao Gangmu, as given below. However, this translation may be justified in the light of Guo Pu's commentary to the Bei Shan Jing, which reads "The renyu is, namely, the niyu. It resembles catfish with four feet/legs, and voice like a child crying. Nowadays this catfish is also called the ti 人魚即鯢也。似鮎而四足、聲如兒嗁。今亦呼鮎爲䱱。音蹏(テイ)". In Naoaki Maeno ed. (1975). Sengaikyō retsu sennin den apud Yamaguchi (1995)[14]
  4. ^ A close copy of this woodcut occurs in Wu Renchen's edition of 1667.[20]
  5. ^ The conception of them seems to have shifted from half-reptilian to half-fish in later periods.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  6. ^ A 15th-century compilation of quotations from Chinese literature, the Chengyu kao [zh] (Chinese: 成語考; "Idioms investigated") merely gives a partial quote from the Bowuzhi as "The mermaid wept tears that became pearls".[31]
  7. ^ Chinese writings claimed that the raw material for such "silk" came from shuiyang 水羊 "water sheep" or shuican Script error: No such module "Lang". "water silkworm" aka bingcan Script error: No such module "Lang". "ice silkworm".[33] Cf. sea silk.

References

Citations

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kong Chao; Chen Fengheng (1808). Yì zhōu shū, juàn 17. Wáng huì jiě, dì 59 逸周書卷十七 王會解第五十九 [Supplementary Notes # 59 to the Wang Hui ("Royal Assemblies") Chapter of the Lost Book of Zhou]. Chenshi Dusao lou congshu 陳氏讀騷樓叢書 38. fol. 21b. {{cite book}}: Check |editor1-link= value (help). Commentary relating to the Huì people (Yemaek) in the east.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "15. Red Ru-fish (Chiru)" 赤鱬. A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-52029-851-4.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sima Qian (1993). "Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko" 蟲部第四十二卷 附録 水虎. Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty. Vol. 3. Translated by Watson, Burton. Columbia University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780231081689.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "292. Hill-fish (Lingyu)" 陵魚. A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-0-52029-851-4.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.夷堅志 (in 中文). 中华书局. 2006. p. 54. ISBN 978-7-101-05236-7.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wang Qi; Wang Siyi, eds. (1609). "Niaoshou 6-juan Linjie-lei Renyu" 鳥獸六巻 鱗介類 人魚 [Birds & Beasts, Book 6 / Fish & Shellfish / Human-fish.]. Sancai Tuhui Book 94 of 106 三才圖會 第94卷(全106卷）. N. p. {{cite book}}: Check |editor1-link= value (help); Also Huaiyin caotang 槐陰草堂 published version of 1609, with additional proofing editors (潭濱黄・晟東曙) listed at the book 5 title page .
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wang Fu, ed. (1895). "Book 3. Bei Shan Jing, No. 3" 巻之三 北山經第三. Shan hai jing cun 山海經存. Wang Yi Bo. fol. 19a. {{cite book}}: Check |editor-link= value (help) (illustration at fol. 27a)
  8. ^ Alternatively, River BurstBurst (Script error: No such module "Lang".) on Mount Dragonbutt.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  9. ^ Template:If first display bothScript error: No such module "template wrapper".
  10. ^ Cf. Template:Harvp: "The Bei shan jing states: "The Jue shui river has many ren yu 人魚 sea-cows. They are shaped like ti yu 䱱魚, newts, but have four feet.."
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). "125. Human-fish (Renyu)" 人魚. A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. University of California Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-52029-851-4.
  12. ^ Cf. Template:Harvp: "Beishan Jing: In Jueshui River there are many dugongs. They look like catfish but have four legs..""
  13. ^ Cf. Template:Harvp:
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yamashita, Tetsurō (1995-06-30), "Hōbutsushū shikai (4): Shukke tonsei setsuwa kiji no kōshō (sono 1)" 『宝物集』私解（四）-出家遁世説話記事の考証（その一）- (PDF), Meiji daigaku Nihon bungaku, 23: 21, hdl:10291/14933 {{citation}}: Check |author-link= value (help)
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yuan, Ke, ed. (2004). Shānhāijīng jiàozhù 山海經校注. Liren shuji. ISBN 9789579113359. {{cite book}}: Check |editor-link= value (help)
  16. ^ This Guo Pu quote as commentary to Bei Shan Jing is hard to confirm in other secondary sources, but similar phrases about renyu resembling catfish were written by other near-contemporaries, one being "Guangzhi" 廣志 (attributed to Guo Yigong 郭義恭) as preserved in the Shui Jing Zhu: Yi River, cf. commentary to the Hainei bei jing 海内北經 (Classic of regions within the seas: North), by Yuan Ke.[15] Another is Xu Gugang [zh], probably from his Shiji Yinyi or "Pronunciation and Meaning of the Shiji"; both these are quoted in annotations to the Shiji: Books of the First Emperor of Qin, 6, which mentions the human-fish oil used for lanterns in the Emperor's tumulus.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  17. ^ a b c Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, (Chapter 44 §42) "Animals with Scales 4": §Tiyu. (Chinese);Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. (English translations);Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. (Japanese tr.).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  18. ^ Luo tr. (2003), index. 6: 4255
  19. ^ Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, (Chapter 44 §43) "Animals with Scales 4": §Niyu. (Chinese);Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. (English translations);Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. (Japanese tr.).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Guo Pu (1667). "Juan 3. Shouzu. Gudiao" 山海經圖 巻三 獸族 蠱雕 [Book 3. Beast-kind. Poison-Eagle]. In Wu Zhiyi (Wu Renchen) (ed.). Tuxiang shanhaijing xiangzhu 圖像山海經詳註. Wang Shihan proofing ed. Fu Wen Tang. {{cite book}}: Check |editor1-link= value (help)
  21. ^ Template:If first display bothScript error: No such module "template wrapper".
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schafer, Edward H. (1952). "The Pearl Fisheries of Ho-p'u". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 72 (4): 156. doi:10.2307/596378. JSTOR 596378.
  23. ^ Edward H. Schafer also refers to "shark" here being interchangeable with jiao dragon (which he suggests translating as "cockatrice").[22]
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sugimoto, Akiko (2006). "Chasing the Moon (Part 9)" 追月記. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 42 (3). Translated by William Wetherall: 40. Jiaoren (鮫人 mythical fish-human, mermaid, merman). website
  25. ^ Template:Harvp; Template:Harvp
  26. ^ Ren Fang, Shuyi Ji, second volume.:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. "南海中有鮫人室水居如魚不廢機織其眼泣則出珠晉木𤣥虚海賦云天琛水怪鮫人之室" (translation quoted below).
  27. ^ Template:Harvp, quoting the Shu-i shark-people (extracted in Piya 1.17): "In the South of the Sea are the houses of the shark people.."
  28. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  29. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  30. ^ Template:If first display bothScript error: No such module "template wrapper".
  31. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lockhart, James Haldane Stewart, Sir (1893). A Manual of Chinese Quotations: Being a Translation of the Ch'êng Yü K'ao. Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p. 280.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schafer, Edward H. (1963). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics. University of California Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 9780520054622. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."盧亭： 大嶼山的香港神話". 港文化18區 (in 中文). Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."灣區舊事/說盧亭 - 大公報". 大公文匯 www.tkww.hk. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."卢循", 維基百科，自由的百科全書 (in 中文), 2023-04-12, retrieved 2024-07-20
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.鍵盤大檸檬 (2019-11-30). "「香港人魚」人身魚尾、嗜食雞血 傳為港人祖先 淒涼身世藏洋蔥 | 鴨卵青 | 鍵盤大檸檬 | ETtoday新聞雲". www.ettoday.net (in 中文（繁體）). Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  38. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Manuel, E. Arsenio (1958). "Tayabas Tagalog Awit Fragments from Quezon Province". Folklore Studies. 17: 55–97. doi:10.2307/1177378. ISSN 0388-0370. JSTOR 1177378.
  39. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Go, Bon Juan (2005). "Ma'l in Chinese Records – Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle". Philippine Studies. 53 (1). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University: 119–138. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  40. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mga Engkanto: A Bestiary of Filipino Fairies. Philippines: eLf ideas Publication. 2003.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Waterhouse, John William. "Mermaid". Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  42. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Patanne, E. P. (1996). The Philippines in the 6th to 16th Centuries. San Juan: LSA Press. ISBN 971-91666-0-6.
  43. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scott, William Henry. (1984). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines". Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 70. ISBN 971-10-0226-4.
  44. ^ Eugenio, Damiana L. (2002). Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 9715423586.
  45. ^ Alzina, Francisco Ignacio (1668). Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas.

Bibliography

Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Retrieved from "http://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Merfolk&oldid=305656"