Mirativity

In linguistics, mirativity, initially proposed by Scott DeLancey, is a grammatical category in a language, independent of evidentiality, that encodes the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind. Grammatical elements that encode the semantic category of mirativity are called miratives (abbreviated mir).

History of the concept

Albanian has a series of verb forms called miratives or admiratives. These may express surprise on the part of the speaker, but may also have other functions, such as expressing irony, doubt, or reportedness. The Albanian use of admirative forms is unique in the Balkan context. It is not translatable into other languages. The expression of neutral reportedness can be rendered by 'apparently'.

While acknowledging the Balkanist term admiratives, DeLancey (1997) promoted miratives as a cross-linguistic term, which he adapted from Jacobsen's (1964) description of the Washo language. According to DeLancey (1997), Turkish, Hare, Sunwar, Lhasa Tibetan, and Korean exhibit a grammatical category to mark information that is new to the speaker.

In Turkish, the verbal suffix appears in the same slot as the past tense .

While it is reasonable to assume that marks indirect evidentiality as long as 'inference' and 'hearsay' interpretations are concerned, this does not explain the 'surprise' use of the suffix in the following sentence:

Citing DeLancey as a predecessor, many researchers have reported miratives in the Tibeto-Burman family and other languages.

Criticisms

Mirativity is not necessarily expressed through a category on its own; Aikhenvald (2004) points out that a mirative meaning may also be coded by using other grammatical devices such as an evidential or tense marker. This led some researchers to question the status of mirativity as a grammatical category. Lazard (1999) suggested that evidentials and miratives would be subsumed under the term mediative. Hill argued that the evidence given by DeLancey and by Aikhenvald (2004) was either wrong or insufficient.

In Lhasa Tibetan, the direct evidential verb may express mirativity in contrast to the other existential verbs, especially when it is used in a statement on the speaker themselves:

However, the mirative account does not hold for the following sentence, where is used as an auxiliary verb and has nothing to do with surprise, sudden discovery nor unexpectedness:

While DeLancey (2012) made no mention of Turkish, Sunwar or Korean, he still promoted Hare, Kham, and Magar as clear cases of miratives. Hill (2015) in response provided an alternative analysis of Hare, re-analyzing DeLancey's evidence for 'mirativity' as direct evidentiality.

Responses to criticisms

Hengeveld and Olbertz (2012) argue against Hill (2012) for miratives as a distinct category, citing data from Tarma Quechua, Ecuadorian Highland Spanish, Xamamauteri (a Yanomaman language), Kham, and Cupeño. DeLancey (2012) also argued strenuously against Hill's (2012) claims. Zeisler (2018), focusing on the Tibetic languages, considers both Hill and DeLancey to be partly wrong and partly right, and argues that the relevant categories in Tibetic languages represent grammatical marking of "speaker attitude" rather than of evidentiality.

Semantics

Unlike evidentials, miratives may mark novelty of information to anyone involved in the conversation rather than the speaker’s source of information, although what is labelled as 'miratives' varies in meaning. Aikhenvald (2012) analyses variations of mirative meanings as follows:

1. Sudden discovery, sudden revelation or realization by the speaker, by the audience (or addressee), or by the main character;
2. Surprise of the speaker, of the audience (or addressee), or of the main character;
3. Unprepared mind of the speaker, of the audience (or addressee), or of the main character;
4. Counter-expectation to the speaker, to the addressee, or to the main character;
5. Information new to the speaker, to the addressee, or to the main character.

Apparently, a mirative marker does not always cover all of those values. For example, !Xun, a Northern Khoisan language has a mirative particle kohà, which can follow an evidential marker but is in complementary distribution with the counter-expectation marker kò. This suggests that mirativity forms a different grammatical category from evidentiality while surprise and counter-expectation are expressed by different particles in the language.

Coding of mirativity

Many languages can express surprise or new information using an interjection like 'Wow!'. In English, the expression of surprise can be rendered by 'oh, look!' or 'lookee there!'. Intonation can also contribute to expression of mirative meanings.

Some languages have a sentence-final particle (SFP) for mirativity. In Cantonese, the SFP expresses noteworthiness while is associated with unexpectedness, both of which fit the definition of miratives in contrast with the hearsay evidential .

Mirativity can be expressed through verbal morphology, as is the case with the "sudden discovery tense" marker in Tarma Quechua:

Mirativity in Kuɽux can be marked by a suffix -eː, itself is not considered an independent case. This element is restricted to consonant-final nominal bases. Eg. nerr-eː "Snake!" but not *lakɽa "Tiger!"

References

Sources

• Adelaar, Willem F.H. (2013). "A Quechuan Mirative?". In Aikhenvald, Alexandra; Storch, Anne (eds.). Perception and Cognition in Language and Culture. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004210127_005. ISBN 978-90-04-21012-7.
• Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926388-2.
• Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2012-01-27). "The essence of mirativity". Linguistic Typology. 16 (3). doi:10.1515/lity-2012-0017. ISSN 1613-415X.
• de Haan, Ferdinand (2013). "Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality". In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (ed.). WALS Online (v2020.3). Retrieved 2024-02-10.
• DeLancey, Scott (1997). "Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information". Linguistic Typology. 1: 33–52. doi:10.1515/lity.1997.1.1.33. S2CID 122264213.
• DeLancey, Scott (2001). "The mirative and evidentiality". Journal of Pragmatics. 33 (3): 369–382. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(01)80001-1.
• DeLancey, Scott (2012). "Still mirative after all these years". Journal of Pragmatics. 33 (3): 529–564. doi:10.1515/lity-2012-0020. S2CID 53078131.
• Denwood, Philip (1999). Tibetan. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/loall.3. ISBN 978-90-272-3803-0. ISSN 1382-3485.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Friedman, Victor A. (1986). "Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian" (PDF). In Chafe, Wallace L.; Nichols, Johanna (eds.). Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ablex. pp. 168–187. ISBN 978-0-89391-203-1.
• Friedman, Victor A. (2021). "The Epic Admirative in Albanian". In Scaldaferri, Nicola (ed.). Wild Songs, Sweet Songs: The Albanian Epic in the Collections of Milman Parry and Albert B. Lord. Publications of the Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Series. Vol. 5. In collaboration with Victor Friedman, John Kolsti, Zymer U. Neziri. Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies. ISBN 9780674271333.
• Hengeveld, Kees; Olbertz, Hella (2012-01-27). "Didn't you know? Mirativity does exist!". Linguistic Typology. 16 (3). doi:10.1515/lity-2012-0018. ISSN 1613-415X.
• Hill, Nathan W. (2012). "'Mirativity' does not exist: ḥdug in 'Lhasa' Tibetan and other suspects". Linguistic Typology. 16 (3): 389–433. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.8358. doi:10.1515/lity-2012-0016. S2CID 55007142.
• Hill, Nathan W. (2015). "Hare lõ: the touchstone of mirativity". SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics. 13 (2): 24–31.
• Jacobsen, William Jr. (1964). A Grammar of the Washo Language. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
• Kobayashi, Masato; Tirkey, Bablu (2017). The Kurux Language: Grammar, Texts and Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 978-9-00434-766-3.
• Lazard, Gilbert (1999). "Mirativity, evidentiality, mediativity, or other?". Linguistic Typology. 3 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1515/lity.1999.3.1.91. S2CID 119980238.
• Matthews, Stephen (1998). "Evidentiality and mirativity in Cantonese: wo3, wo4, wo5!". Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-6). Taipei, Taiwan. pp. 325–334.
• Peterson, Tyler (2016). "Mirativity as Surprise: Evidentiality, Information, and Deixis". Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 45 (6): 1327–1357. doi:10.1007/s10936-015-9408-9. PMID 26645464. S2CID 26783093.
• Slobin, Dan I.; Aksu, Ayhan A. (1982). "Tense, aspect and modality in the use of the Turkish evidential". In Hopper, Paul J. (ed.). Tense-aspect: Between semantics & pragmatics (PDF). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 185–200. ISBN 978-90-272-2865-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2015-06-12.

• Zeisler, Bettina (2018). "Don't believe in a paradigm that you haven't manipulated yourself! – Evidentiality, speaker attitude, and admirativity in Ladakh". Himalayan Linguistics. 17 (1): 515–539. doi:10.5070/H917136797.

Further reading

• Dickinson, Connie (2000). "Mirativity in Tsafiki". Studies in Language. 24 (2): 379–422. doi:10.1075/sl.24.2.06dic.
• Yliniemi, Juha. (2021). Similarity of mirative and contrastive focus: three parameters for describing attention markers. Linguistic Typology.
• Zhuang, Lingzi (2023). The Surprise Factor: A Semantic Theory of Mirativity (Thesis). doi:10.7298/GN3M-TV78. hdl:1813/114188.

External links

• Summary of mirative postings at LinguistList (includes bibliography)