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O (minuscule: o) is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is o (pronounced Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".), plural oes.[1]
Name
In English, the name of the letter is the "long O" sound, pronounced Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.
History
| Egyptian | Phoenician Ayin |
Western Greek Omicron |
Etruscan O |
Latin O |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ʿeyn, meaning "eye", and its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, Template:Cf.Proto-Sinaitic script). Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably [ʕ], the sound represented by the cognate Arabic letter ع ʿayn.[2]
The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early Greek alphabets, which adopted the letter "omicron" to represent the vowel Script error: No such module "IPA".. The letter was adopted with the value in the Old Italic alphabets, including the early Latin alphabet. In Greek, a variation of the form later came to differentiate this long sound (omega, meaning "large O") from the short o (Omicron, meaning "small o"). The Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding Cyrillic letter O.[2]
Use in writing systems
| Orthography | Phonemes |
|---|---|
| Catalan | /ɔ/, /o/, /u/, /w/ |
| Template:Nwr | /ə/, /u/ |
| Czech | /ɔ/ |
| Danish | /ɔ/, /o/, /oː/ |
| Dutch | /ɔ/, /oː/, /ə/ |
| English | /ɒ/, Script error: No such module "IPA"., /ə/, /ɔː/, Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| French | /o/, /ɔ/ |
| German | /ɔ/, /oː/, /o/ |
| Irish | /ɔ/, /ə/ |
| Italian | /o/, /ɔ/ |
| Malagasy | /u/ |
| Malay | /ɔ/ |
| Norwegian | /ɔ/, /ʊ/, /oː/, /uː/ |
| Occitan | /u/ |
| Polish | /ɔ/ |
| Portuguese | /ɔ/, /o/, /u/, /w/ |
| Spanish | /o/ |
| Slovak | /ɔ/ |
| Swedish | /ɔ/, /oː/, /uː/ |
| Turkish | /o/ |
English
The letter Template:Angbr is the fourth most common letter in the English alphabet.[3] Like the other English vowel letters, it has associated "long" and "short" pronunciations. The "long" Template:Angbr as in boat is actually most often a diphthong Script error: No such module "IPAc-en". (realized dialectically anywhere from Script error: No such module "IPA". to Script error: No such module "IPA".). In English, there is also a "short" Template:Angbr as in fox, Script error: No such module "IPAc-en"., which sounds slightly different in different dialects. In most dialects of British English, it is either an open-mid back rounded vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". or an open back rounded vowel Script error: No such module "IPA".; in American English, it is most commonly an unrounded back Script error: No such module "IPA". to a central vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"..[4]
Common digraphs include Template:Angbr, which represents either Script error: No such module "IPAc-en"., Script error: No such module "IPAc-en". or Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".; Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr, which typically represents the diphthong Script error: No such module "IPAc-en"., and Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, and Template:Angbr which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology.[4]
In other contexts, especially before a letter with a minim, Template:Angbr may represent the sound Script error: No such module "IPAc-en"., as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the semivowel Script error: No such module "IPAc-en"., as in choir or quinoa.[5]
"O" in isolation is a word, also spelled "oh" and pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".. Before a noun, usually capitalized, it indicates a noun of address, as in the titles "O Canada" or "O Captain! My Captain!" or in certain verses of the Bible.[6]
Other languages
Template:Angbr is commonly associated with the open-mid back rounded vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"., mid back rounded vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". or close-mid back rounded vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". in many languages. Other languages use Template:Angbr for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open. Derived letters such as Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr have been created for the alphabets of some languages to distinguish values that were not present in Latin and Greek, particularly rounded front vowels.[7]
Other systems
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Template:Angbr IPA represents the close-mid back rounded vowel.[8]
Other uses
- Oxygen, symbol O, a chemical element
Related characters
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Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet
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- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- O with diacritics: Ø ø Ǿ ǿ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ǒ ǒ Ő ő Ŏ ŏ Ȏ ȏ Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ọ ọ Ɵ ɵ ᶱ[9] Ơ ơ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ở ở Ỏ ỏ Ō ō Ṓ ṓ Ṑ ṑ Õ õ Ȭ ȭ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ǫ ǫ Ȍ ȍ O̩ o̩ Ó̩ ó̩ Ò̩ ò̩ Ǭ ǭ O͍ o͍
- Ꝍ ꝍ : O with loop was used in some medieval Nordic orthographies[10]
- Ꟁ ꟁ : Old Polish O[11]
- ⱺ : Small o with low ring inside is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[12]
- IPA-specific symbols related to O: ɔ
- IPA superscript letters:[13] 𐞢 𐞣
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to O:[14]
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- Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to O:[15]
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- o : Subscript small o is used in Indo-European studies[16]
- 𝼛 : Latin small letter o with retroflex hook is used in phonetic transcription[17][18]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval scribal abbreviations[10]
- ∅ : empty set symbol[19]
- º : Masculine ordinal indicator
- Calligraphic O (𝒪, 𝓸): Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols[20]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤏 : Semitic letter Ayin, from which the following symbols originally derive:
- Ω ω : Greek letter Omega
- Ο ο : Greek letter Omicron
- Page Template:Script/styles coptic.css has no content.Ⲟ ⲟ : Coptic letter O, which derives from Greek omicron
- О о : Cyrillic letter O, which also derives from Omicron
- 𐌏 : Old Italic O, which derives from Greek Omicron, and is the ancestor of modern Latin O
- Օ օ : Armenian letter OScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
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Other representations
Computing
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Other
See also
- O mark
- Open O (Ɔ ɔ)
- 0 (zero). The capital letter O may be mistaken or misused for the number 0, as they appear quite identical in some typefaces. Early typewriters did not have a 'zero' key.
Notes
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References
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- ^ "O" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989);Chambers-Happap, "oes" op. cit. Oes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered Os, O's, os, o's.
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External links
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