Peroxide
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Script error: No such module "about". Peroxides are a group of molecules with the structure Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.R−O−O−R, where each R represents a radical (a portion of a complete molecule; not a free radical[1]) and the O's are single oxygen atoms.[2][page needed][3][page needed] Oxygen atoms are joined to each other and to adjacent elements through single covalent bonds, denoted by dashes or lines. The Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.O−O group in a peroxide is often called the peroxide group, though some nomenclature discrepancies exist. This linkage is recognized as a common polyatomic ion, and exists in many molecules.
General structure
The characteristic structure of any regular peroxide is the oxygen–oxygen covalent single bond, which connects the two main atoms together. Each oxygen atom has a oxidation state of negative one, as 5 of its valence electrons remain in the outermost orbital shell whilst one is occupied in the covalent bond. Because of the nature of the covalent bond, this arrangement results in each atom having the equivalent of 7 valence electrons, reducing the oxygens and giving them a negative charge. This charge is affected by the addition of other elements, with the properties and structure changing depending on the added group(s).[citation needed]
Common forms
The most common peroxide is hydrogen peroxide (Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.H2O2), colloquially known simply as "peroxide".[4] Many organic peroxides are known as well.
In addition to hydrogen peroxide, some other major classes of peroxides are:
- Peroxy acids, the peroxy derivatives of many familiar acids, examples being peroxymonosulfuric acid and peracetic acid, and their salts, one example of which is potassium peroxydisulfate.
- Main group peroxides, compounds with the linkage Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.E−O−O−E (E = main group element).Page Template:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.
Structure and dimensions of Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.H2O2 in gas phase. - Metal peroxides, examples being barium peroxide (Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.BaO2), sodium peroxide (Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.Na2O2) and zinc peroxide (Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.ZnO2).
- Organic peroxides, compounds with the linkage Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.C−O−O−C or Page Module:Chem2/styles.css has no content.C−O−O−H. One example is tert-butylhydroperoxide.
Nomenclature
The linkage between the oxygen molecules is known as a peroxy group (sometimes called peroxo group, peroxyl group, of peroxy linkage). The nomenclature of the peroxy group is somewhat variable,[5] and exists as an exception to the rules of naming polyatomic ions. This is because, when it was discovered, it was believed to be monatomic.[6] The term was introduced by Thomas Thomson in 1804 for a compound combined with as much oxygen as possible,[7] or the oxide with the greatest quantity of oxygen.[8]
References
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry". UCLA. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hydrogen Peroxide | Hydrite.com". www.hydrite.com. Retrieved 2025-11-12.
- ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "peroxides". Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nomenclature". Purdue Division of Chemical Education. 2004. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomson, Thomas (1804). "4". A System of Chemistry. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Bell and Bradfute. pp. division 1, page 103 – via Google books.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harper, Douglas. "Peroxide". Online Etymology Dictionary.
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