Gāf (Persian letter)

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Template:Short descriptionScript error: No such module "other uses".Template:Infobox graphemeLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Gāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx), is the name of different Perso-Arabic letters, all representing /ɡ/. They are all derived from the letter Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".), with additional diacritics, such as dots and lines. In name and shape, it is a variant of Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

It is also one of the five letters the Persian alphabet added to the Arabic alphabet, which are; Že (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Če (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Gaf (Script error: No such module "Lang".), in addition to the obsolete Ve (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Its numerical value is 5000 (see Abjad numerals), except for the Jawi variant (Script error: No such module "Lang".) which instead has a value of 6000.[1] There are four forms, each used in different alphabets:

Use in Arabic

A non-standard letter to the Arabic alphabet; Gāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) has been traditionally used in Iraq and parts of the Levant for /g/. In Morocco, a similar letter (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is used. While in other Arabic-speaking countries other letters are used, such as a varitation of Qāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) known as Gāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Tunisia and Algeria, and any of the standard letters Jīm (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Ghayn (Script error: No such module "Lang".), or Qāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) elsewhere.

  1. REDIRECT Template:Contains special characters

Variant forms

File:Gaf.svg
One form of gaf

Kāf with line

The most common form of Gāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is based on Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) with an additional line. It is rarely used in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) itself but is used to represent the sound /ɡ/ when writing other languages.

When representing this sound in transliteration of Persian into Hebrew, it is written as Kaf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) with a geresh.

It is frequently used in Persian, Urdu, Balochi, Sindhi, Kurdish, and is one of four Perso-Arabic letters not found in Arabic. It is also commonly used in Mesopotamian Arabic.[2]Template:Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes

Kāf with ring

In Pashto, this letter (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is used for /ɡ/. Template:Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes

Kāf with single dot above

This Gāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is derived from a variant form of Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".), with the addition of a dot. It's used in the Jawi script to represent /ɡ/.

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ݢ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـݢ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـݢـ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ݢـ‎

Unicode includes two forms on this letter: one based on the standard Arabic Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and one based on the variant form (Script error: No such module "Lang".). The latter is the preferred form.[3] Script error: No such module "Charmap".

Kāf with three dots below

This letter (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is derived from a form of Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".), with the addition of three dots below.

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڮ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـڮ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـڮـ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڮـ‎

Gāf with inverted stroke

In Chechen, Kabardian, and Adyghe, the character (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is used to spell /kʼ/ or /t͡ʃʼ/.

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ࢰ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـࢰ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـࢰـ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ࢰـ‎

Kāf with a dot below

This letter (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is derived from a form of Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".), with the addition of three a dot below. It's used in the Arwi alphabet for the Tamil language and the Pegon script for Indonesian languages to represent /ɡ/.[4][5]

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ࢴ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـࢴ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـࢴـ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ࢴـ‎

Kāf with three dots

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File:Top Floors Cafe Argana in 2006 (Cropped).png
The Arabic signage for the Argana café in Marrakesh's Jemaa el-Fnaa features a prominent Gāf with three dots.
File:کتاب الابنیه عن حقایق الادویه، برگی از دستنویس محفوظ در کتابخانه مجلس در تهران.jpg
A page from a 12th century Persian manuscript of Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya by Abu Mansur Muwaffaq with letter Gāf written as (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

This letter (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is used in Moroccan Arabic and Arabic-script Berber to represent /ɡ/.[6] Examples of its use include city names (e.g., Agadir: Script error: No such module "Lang".) and family names (e.g., El Guerrouj: Script error: No such module "Lang".). The preferred form is (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڭ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـڭ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـڭـ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڭـ‎

It was also used in Ottoman Turkish for /ŋ/. Both forms are based on variant forms of Kāf (Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang".), with the addition of three dots. The preferred form is (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ݣ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـݣ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ـݣـ‎ Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ݣـ‎

Character encoding

Script error: No such module "Charmap". Script error: No such module "Charmap".

See also

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  • Če (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Pe (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Gāf (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Ve (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Že (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Ng (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Gueh (Script error: No such module "Lang".‎)
  • Ayin (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Ghayn (Script error: No such module "Lang".‎)

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. "Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (in Bahasa Melayu). Archived from the original on 11 April 2026. Retrieved 11 April 2026. huruf ke-26 abjad Jawi (mempunyai nilai 6000).
  2. ^ Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press. Template:ISBN
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jonatha Kew (2003). "Proposal to encode Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF characters" (PDF).
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pournader, Roozbeh (June 24, 2013). "Proposal to encode three Arabic characters for Arwi" (PDF).
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nasrullah, Febri Muhammad (2022-09-11). "On ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT BELOW" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2022.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Learn Moroccan Arabic". Best Riad Marakkesh. 8 November 2009. واش كتهدر بالإنݣليزية

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