Pegon script
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| Pegon script Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Babad Diponegoro written in Pegon (manuscript at National Library of Indonesia) | |
| Script type | |
Period | c. 1300 CE to the present |
| Direction | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:GetParameters' not found. |
| Languages | Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content. |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Jawi script Buri Wolio Sorabe alphabet |
Template:Writing systems in Indonesia Pegon (Template:Langx; also known as Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".; Template:Langx, Template:Translit)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. is a modified Arabic script used to write the Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese languages, as an alternative to the Latin script or the Javanese script[3] and the Sundanese script.[4] It was used in a variety of applications, from religion, to diplomacy, to poetry.[5][6][7] But today particularly, it is used for religious (Islamic) writing and poetry, particularly in writing commentaries of the Qur'an. Pegon includes letters that are not present in Modern Standard Arabic. Pegon has been studied far less than its Jawi counterpart which is used for Malay, Acehnese and Minangkabau.[8]
In the past few decades, the Indonesian language has grown in its prominence and role as the national language of Indonesia. Thus, publishing institutions associated with religious schools have further developed new teaching material, in order to expand the use of Pegon script to Indonesian language as well.[1] Indonesian language, being a variety of Malay, has also been written by the sister script of Pegon, Jawi.
Etymology
The word Pegon originated from the Javanese word Script error: No such module "lang"., meaning "deviate", due to the practice of writing the Javanese language with Arabic script, which was considered unconventional by Javanese people.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
History
One of the earliest dated examples of the usage of Pegon may be Masa'il al-ta'lim, a work on Islamic law written in Arabic with interlinear translation and marginal commentary in Javanese. The manuscript is dated 1623 and written on Script error: No such module "lang"., a paper made from the bark of the mulberry tree.[9]
Letters
Pegon uses the original letters of the Arabic script plus an additional seven letters to represent native Javanese sounds not present in Arabic: ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.چ⟩, Script error: No such module "lang". ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڎ⟩, ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڟ⟩, ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڠ⟩, ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڤ⟩, ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڮ⟩, and ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ۑ⟩. One additional letter is used in foreign loanwords ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ۏ⟩ Script error: No such module "IPA".. These new letters are formed by the addition of dots to base letter forms. Pegon is not standardized and variation can be seen in how these additional letters are represented, most commonly in the position of the dots (above or below) and the number of dots (one, two or three).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. In more recent teaching material, additional letters have been added in order to use the script for writing Indonesian language.[1]
Representation of vowels
Vowel diacritics
Arabic script is an impure abjad, meaning that for the most part, only consonants are written. Arabic has three vowels, which may be short or long. There are three letters in Arabic (Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ا ,و ,ي) that can also represent long vowels, but in general, short vowel diacritics are only used in religious texts and texts meant for beginner learners. The phonology of Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese is quite different. There are six vowels, and no marking of vowel length. So, the script has been adapted by using the vowel diacritics in conjunction with Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.و ,ي, and Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ا to fully represent the vowels of the languages of Java.[10]
The prevalence of diacritic marking in Pegon varies from marking every letter, to being present only to differentiate particular vowel sounds. A version of the script which uses few diacritics, is called bare or bald (Template:Langx). To a fluent reader, the base letters are often sufficient to recognise word, rendering the diacritics unnecessary. So, for example, the word Indonesia may be written fully vocalised, Template:Langx) or bare (Script error: No such module "Lang".). It is increasingly common in printed books to only consistently use the e-pepêt, with the other diacritics only used when disambiguation is needed.
Full marking of letters is common in most formal texts, including religious texts and historic diplomatic manuscripts.
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Syllables
A vowel at the beginning of a word is indicated by the letter alif ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ا⟩, plus diacritic, and a follow-up letter ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.و⟩ or ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ي⟩ if required. If present, the follow-up letter is written with a sukun to indicate that it is part of the first syllable and not the start of a new one.[10] A vowel following a consonant (such as the letter ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ك⟩ in the example below), a following vowel is indicated by diacritics but without the letter alif. Template:Plain row headers
| vowel | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| word initial |
bare | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| vocalised | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | |
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ك + vowel |
bare | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| vocalised | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | |
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Consonant clusters
In pegon, consonant clusters are written in two ways. In clusters that consist of a nasal consonant followed by a liquid consonant, such as [mr], [ml], or [ŋl], or of an obstruent consonant followed by a plosive consonant, such as [tr], [pl], or [by], the first consonant is modified by an epenthetic e-pepet ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ۤ◌⟩.
When a consonant cluster consists of a nasal consonant followed by a plosive consonant, like [nj], [mb], or [nd], a prothetic alif is added to the beginning of the cluster.[10]
| with epenthetic Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ۤ◌ | with prothetic Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.اَ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Vowel sequences
Vowel sequences follow certain general conventions. Variations besides these are also commonly seen in various books and manuscripts.
Reduplication
In Pegon script, reduplication is represented with a numeral ٢ or a hyphen. If the word has a prefix, the duplicated base word is simply repeated after a hyphen. Otherwise, a ٢ indicates that the word is reduplicated. If the word has a suffix, the ٢ is placed between the base word and the suffix.[5]
| vocalized | bare | transliteration | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.تٓمْبُوْڠPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.۲ | Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.تٓمبوڠPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.۲ | tembung-tembung | words |
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.اَڠْڮَوْتَاPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.۲Page Template:Color/styles.css has no content.نَيْ | Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.اڠڮَوتاPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.۲Page Template:Color/styles.css has no content.نَي | anggota-anggotaPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.né | member who |
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.Page Template:Color/styles.css has no content.كَاسُوْرُوْڠPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.-سُوْرُوْڠ | Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.Page Template:Color/styles.css has no content.كاسوروڠPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.-سوروڠ | Page Template:Color/styles.css has no content.kasurungPage Template:Color/styles.css has no content.-surung | encouragement |
Sundanese Pégon
The Sundanese language has a slightly different system in writing Pegon compared to its Javanese equivalent. While Javanese Pegon has extra letters for writing consonants Sundanese does not have such as Script error: No such module "lang". ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڎ⟩ and Script error: No such module "lang". ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڟ⟩, Sundanese also has the vowel /ɨ/ (eu),[11] Sundanese also does not glottalise final k, unlike Javanese.
Consonants
While Sundanese Pegon is usually written similarly to Javanese Pegon, in some manuscripts and writings, several characters differs, specifically Script error: No such module "lang". ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.چ⟩ and Script error: No such module "lang". ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ڮ⟩, where they are written with two vertical dots instead of three.
Vowels
For word-initial vowels, the letter alif ⟨ا⟩ is used with the approriate diacritic mark, ain ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ع⟩ is only used if the word is an Arabic loan.
| vowel | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| word initial |
bare | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| vocalised | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | |
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ك + vowel |
bare | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| vocalised | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | |
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Diphthongs or stand-alone vowels next to another vowel are written with ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ي⟩ or ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.و⟩ as placeholder consonants, depends on how its pronounced, this does not apply to duplicate vowels, they are written with a hamzah ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ء⟩ instead.[12]
| Pegon | Transliteration | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Literal | Actual | ||
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.چاريَوس | cariyos | carios | story |
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.إيٓ | iyeu | ieu | this |
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.مويه | muwih | muih | to return |
| Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.سٓأۤر | seueur | seueur | many |
While the letters wau ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.و⟩ and ra ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ر⟩ in Arabic are isolated letters, in Sundanese texts, these letters are often written connecting to the next letter, usually when followed by the letter ha ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ہ⟩.[12]
Madurese Pèghu
The Madurese language has a more complicated phonology than other Javanese languages. It includes the vowel /ɤ/ (â) and a wider range of glottal stops than Javanese or Sundanese. The Arabic script as adapted to Madurese, known as Pèghu, had some differences from other versions of Pegon, and is always written vocalized using diacritics.
Consonants
Madurese has more consonants than its neighboring languages, including voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and voiced unaspirated,[13] but with the exception of dh, aspirated consonants in Madurese Pèghu are represented by the same letters as their unaspirated counterparts.
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Vowels
Vowels at the beginning of a word are indicated by the letter alif ⟨ا⟩ or ain ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ع⟩ with the appropriate diacritic, and a follow-up letter ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.و⟩, ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ي⟩, or ⟨Page Template:Script/styles arabic.css has no content.ء⟩, if required. Usually, this follow-up letter is written with a zero-vowel diacritic (sukūn), to indicate that it is part of the first syllable, and not part of a new one.[10]
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Comparison of Pegon and Jawi
The orthographic rules of Jawi and Pegon differ, with Jawi spelling being much more standardised than Pegon. Pegon tends to write all vowel sounds of native words explicitly, either with full letters or diacritics, whereas Jawi spelling sometimes omits alif in certain positions where an Script error: No such module "IPA". would be pronounced, and other vowel sounds may not be written explicitly.
For those additional letters representing sounds not present in Arabic, some letters have the same appearance in both Jawi and Pegon, while others differ. Pegon also has two additional letters for sounds native to Javanese which are not present in Malay. Also the form of kaf used differs between the two varieties with Pegon using the Arabic form, while Jawi uses the Persian form.
| Pegon | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jawi | - | - | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Transliteration
The United States Library of Congress published a romanization standard of Jawi and Pegon in 2012.[14]
Examples
Indonesian
| Explanation of Qalqalah in Indonesian, Pegon script, non-vocalized |
|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Explanation:
Qalqalah is the act of bouncing a letters' sound (which usually has a sound) as if it doesn't really stop, when stopping (while reciting the Qur'an). There are 5 letters, which are: Qaf - Ta - Ba - Jeem - Dal Qalqalah is divided into two parts, which are: (1) Small Qalqalah, (2) Big Qalqalah |
Sundanese
| John 3:16 in Sundanese, Pegon script, vocalized[15] |
|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. |
| Al-Baqarah 69 in Sundanese, Pegon script, non-vocalized[16] |
|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Then the Children of Israel said: "Pray to Your Lord for us so that He may tell us on what color the cow was." Then Prophet Moses answered: "Indeed Allah said: Verily, the cow must be yellow, a true yellow that shines like gold, so that everyone who sees it will be filled with joy, for that color is grand and clean." |
See also
Footnotes
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- ^ a b c Dahlan, H. Abdullah Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read & Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca & Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf.
- ^ The abstract of this journal article is written in Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia), in Latin and in Pegon: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Estuningtiyas, Retna Dwi (2 May 2021). "Rijal Dakwah: KH. Abdullah Syafi'ie (1910-1985)". The International Journal of Pegon: Islam Nusantara Civilization. 5 (1): 81–96. doi:10.51925/inc.v5i01.45. ISSN 2621-4946.
- ^ Javanese script (Akṣara Carakan) on Omniglot. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ Sundanese script (Akṣara Sunda) on Omniglot. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Apriyanto, Agung; Nurjanah, Nunuy (21 November 2021). "Structure of the Sundanese Language in the Pegon Script". Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2021). Vol. 595. pp. 30–37. doi:10.2991/assehr.k.211119.006. ISBN 978-94-6239-459-9. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gallop, Annabel Teh; Mamat, Wan Ali Wan; Akbar, Ali; Braginsky, Vladimir; Tengah, Ampuan Hj Brahim bin A.H.; Caldwell, Ian; Chambert-Loir, Henri; Cordell, Helen; Denisova, Tatiana A.; Yahya, Farouk; Graf, Arndt; Musa, Hashim bin; Katkova, Irina R.; Molen, Willem van der; Murtagh, Ben (2 January 2015). "A Jawi Sourcebook for the Study of Malay Palaeography and Orthography". Indonesia and the Malay World. 43 (125): 13–171. doi:10.1080/13639811.2015.1008253. ISSN 1363-9811.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Reminiscent of 'The Age of Partnership'. VOC diplomatic letters from Batavia | IIAS". www.iias.asia. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
- ^ van der Meij, D. (2017). Indonesian Manuscripts from the Islands of Java, Madura, Bali and Lombok (p. 6). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Southeast Asian manuscripts digitised through the Ginsburg Legacy - Asian and African studies blog". britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Jamalin, F., & Rahman, A. A. (2021). Arabic-Java Writing System: How Javanese Language Adopts Arabic Script. Izdihar: Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 4(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v4i1.11337 (PDF) (Archive)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alhammad, Reham (30 April 2024). "The phonology morphology and syntax of Sundanese". Forum for Linguistic Studies. 5 (3). doi:10.59400/fls.v5i3.1945. ISSN 2705-0602.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Akbar, Muhammad Fakhrul (30 October 2023). "Pendampingan Belajar Tulis Aksara Pegon bagi Santri Baru di Pondok Pesantren Al-Barokah Kota Bandung". Lokabasa (in Bahasa Indonesia). 14 (2): 210–222. doi:10.17509/jlb.v14i2.64917. ISSN 2528-5904.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stevens, Alan (2001). "Madurese". In Garry, J.; Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About the World's Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson.
- ^ The Library of Congress. (2012). ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Jawi-Pegon. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The gospel in many tongues : specimens of 630 languages in which the British and Foreign Bible Society has published or circulated some portion of the Word of God. London: British and Foreign Bible Society. 1930 – via Library Services University of Pretoria.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yuliani, Yani (21 July 2020). "AKSARA TAFSIR AL-QUR'AN DI PRIANGAN:HURUF PEGON DAN AKSARA LATIN DALAM KARYA K.H. AHMAD SANOESI". Al-Bayan: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Al- Qur'an dan Tafsir. 5 (1): 19.
References
- On Pegon Script for Javanese language: Jamalin, F., & Rahman, A. A. (2021). Arabic-Java Writing System: How Javanese Language Adopts Arabic Script. Izdihar: Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 4(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v4i1.11337 (PDF) (Archive)
- On Pegon Script for Sundanese language: Apriyanto, Agung, Ruhaliah Nunuy Nurjanah, and Ruhaliah. (2021) "Structure of the Sundanese Language in the Pegon Script". Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2021). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211119.006. PDF (Archive)
- Religious book featuring Arabic, with word-by-word Madurese language translation: Syeikh Khalil bin Abdul Latif al-Bankalani al-Maduri (Bangkalan, Madura). (1988) "Al-Matn al-Shareef". https://archive.org/details/SyaikhonaKholil/mode/2up
- Gallop, A. T. (2015). A Jawi sourcebook for the study of Malay palaeography and orthography. Indonesia and the Malay World, 43(125), 13–171.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jacquerye, Denis Moyogo (2019). Proposal to encode Javanese and Sundanese Arabic characters (PDF). Unicode.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rikza, F. Sh. (2022). Proposal to encode four Pegon characters (PDF). Unicode.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Poerwadarminta, W.J.S (2025) [1939]. Bausastra Jawa [Javanese Dictionary] (in Jawa). Batavia: J.B. Wolters. ISBN 0834803496.
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