1265
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Year 1265 (MCCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
- January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.[1]
- March – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) – Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army.[2]
- May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.[3]
- June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno[4]
- August 4 – Second Barons' War in England: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.[5]
- The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.[6]
North Africa and Asia
- The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.[7][8]
- Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.[9]
- Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.[10]
- India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.[11]
- Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.[12]
- In the first major battle in five years (since the Song dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song dynasty naval ships.[13]
By topic
Culture
- The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.[14]
- The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.[15]
- Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.[16][17]
- February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.[18]
Births
- May 10 – Emperor Fushimi of Japan (d. 1317)[19][20]
- December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)[21][22]
- King Alfonso III of Aragon[23]
- approximate date – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (d. 1321)[24]
- approximate date – Maria de Molina, regent of Castile (d. 1321)[25]
- approximate date – Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (d. 1290)[26][27]
Deaths
- January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England[28]
- February 8 – Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1217)[29]
- May 16 – Simon Stock, English prior, canonized (b. c. 1165)[30]
- June 26 – Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia (b. 1203 or 1204)[31]
- August 4 (Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)
- November 24 – Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles[34]
- December 3 – Odofredus, Italian jurist[35][36]
- Al-Abharī, Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. 1200)[37]
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lehmberg, Stanford (2002). A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From Prehistoric Times to 1688. New York and London: Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 9781134415281.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zsoldos, Attila (2007). Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években [A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s] (in magyar). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 141. ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grossman, Mark (2007). World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780816074778.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 114. Vol. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 100. ISBN 9780871691149.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mackintosh, James; Wallace, William (1836). The history of England, by sir J. Mackintosh (continued by W. Wallace, R. Bell). Vol. I: England. London: Longman and John Taylor. pp. 237–238.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bullock, H. A. (1816). History of the Isle of Man: With a Comparative View of the Past and Present State of Society and Manners, Containing Also Biographical Anecdotes of Eminent Persons Connected with that Island. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. pp. 23.
1265 isle of man.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword. p. 104. ISBN 9781473856431.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Slack, Corliss K. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Crusades. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. xxxii. ISBN 9780810878310.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Okazaki, Hisahiko (1986). A grand strategy for Japanese defense. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 4. ISBN 9780819153258.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goitein, S. D. (1999). A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Vol. I: Economic Foundations. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London: University of California Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780520221581.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dwivedi, Rakesh (2010). Gs In 60 Days. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 1.49. ISBN 9780070670785.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Howorth, Henry Hoyle (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Vol. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 123. ISBN 9781605201344.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Powell, John (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History. Vol. 3: Jap-Pel. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. p. 854. ISBN 9780893560171.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strabone, Jeff (2018). Poetry and British Nationalisms in the Bardic Eighteenth Century: Imagined Antiquities. Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9783319952550.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Corte-Real, Antonio (2005). "The Conflict Between Trade Marks and Geographical Indications - The Case of Budweiser in Portugal". In Heath, Christopher; Sanders, Anselm Kamperman (eds.). New Frontiers of Intellectual Property Law: IP and Cultural Heritage – Geographical Indications – Enforcement – Overprotection. Oxford and Portland, OR: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 9781847312563.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aavitsland, Kristin B. (2012). Imagining the Human Condition in Medieval Rome: The Cistercian Fresco Cycle at Abbazia Delle Tre Fontane. Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 174. ISBN 9781409438182.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kunz, George Frederick (1973) [1917]. Rings for the Finger: From the Earliest Known Times to the Present, with Full Descriptions of the Origin, Early Making, Materials, the Archaeology, History, for Affection, for Love, for Engagement, for Wedding, Commemorative, Mourning, etc. New York: Dover Publications. p. 263. ISBN 9780486144245.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Izbicki, Thomas M. (2016) [1995]. "Clement IV". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (eds.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 230. ISBN 9781351665667.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mostow, Joshua S. (2014). Courtly Visions: The Ise Stories and the Politics of Cultural Appropriation. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 99. ISBN 9789004249431.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tonʼa (2003). Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna. Translated by Steven D. Carter. New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780231125536.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tonʼa (2003). Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna. New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780231125536.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mass, Jeffrey P. (1997). The Origins of Japan's Medieval World: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 274. ISBN 9780804743792.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas, Joseph (2009). The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. Vol. I: A - CLU. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 91. ISBN 9781616400699.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Toynbee, Paget (2005). "Part II: Dante in Florence". Dante Alighieri: His Life and Works. Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. p. 36. ISBN 9780486146423.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martin, Therese (2012). Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture. Visualising the Middle Ages. Vol. Two. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 1083. ISBN 9789004185555.
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1265 Beatrice Portinari.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dyer, Ray (2016). Lady Muriel: The Victorian Romance by Lewis Carroll. Kibworth Beauchamp, UK: Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. l. ISBN 9781785890314.
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1265 John maunsell.
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dongen, Emanuel van (2014). Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 120. ISBN 9789004278721.
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eichner, Heidrun (2011). "Essence and Existence. Thirteenth-Century Perspectives in Arabic-Islamic Philosophy and Theology". In Hasse, Dag Nikolaus; Bertolacci, Amos (eds.). The Arabic, Hebrew and Latin Reception of Avicenna's Metaphysics. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 125. ISBN 9783110215762.
