3C 48
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| 3C 48 | |
|---|---|
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| Observation data (Epoch J2000) | |
| Constellation | Triangulum |
| Right ascension | Template:RA[1] |
| Declination | Template:DEC[1] |
| Redshift | 110,024 ± 0 km/s[1] 0.367[1] |
| Distance | 3.9 billion light-years (Light travel time)[1] 4.5 billion light-years (present)[1] |
| Type | E[2] |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 0.6Template:Prime × 0.5Template:Prime |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 16.2 |
| Notable features | First quasar discovered |
| Other designations | |
| PG 0134+329, QSO B0134+329, PGC 73991 | |
| See also: Quasar, List of quasars | |
3C48 is a quasar discovered in 1960; it was the second source conclusively identified as such.[3]
3C48 was the first source in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources for which an optical identification was found by Allan Sandage and Thomas A. Matthews in 1960 through interferometry.[4] In 1963 Jesse L. Greenstein and Thomas Matthews found that it had a redshift of 0.367, making it one of the highest redshift sources then known.[5] It was not until 1982 that the surrounding faint galactic "nebulosity" was confirmed to have the same redshift as 3C48, cementing its identification as an object in a distant galaxy.[6] This was also the first solid identification of a quasar with a surrounding galaxy at the same redshift.
3C 48 is one of four primary calibrators used by the Very Large Array (along with 3C 138 and 3C 147, and 3C 286). Visibilities of all other sources are calibrated using observed visibilities of one of these four calibrators.[7]
Studies have confirmed 3C 48 is found currently in the process of an advanced galaxy merger stage, with the budge components only 2.5 kiloparsecs from each other. This merger resulted from the collision of two similar disk galaxies.[8] A radio jet on one side, is found based on radio imaging, with signs of faint radio emission.[9] This jet is also suggested as disrupted.[10]
Nomenclature
The name of the object "3C 48" consists of two significant parts. The first part, "3C," means that the object belongs to the Third Cambridge Catalog of Radio Sources. The second part - "48" - is the serial number in the catalog ordered by right ascension.
History
3C 48 was the first source in the Third Cambridge Catalog of Radio Sources to be optically identified by Allan Sandage and Thomas Matthews in 1960 using interferometry.
Jesse Greenstein and Thomas Matthews found that it had a redshift of 0.367, one of the highest redshifts of any source known at the time. It was not until 1982 that a surrounding faint galactic "nebula" was measured to have the same redshift as 3C 48, confirming its identification as an object in a distant galaxy. This was also the first reliable identification of a quasar with a surrounding galaxy of the same redshift.[11]
References
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- ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for 3C 48. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."3C 48". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|mode=Script error: No such module "Citation mode".(help) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weaver, Kenneth F. (May 1974). "The Incredible Universe". National Geographic. 145 (5): 589–633.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Matthews, Thomas A.; Sandage, Allan R. (1963). "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 138: 30–56. Bibcode:1963ApJ...138...30M. doi:10.1086/147615.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Greenstein, J. L.; Matthews, Thomas A. (1963). "Red-Shift of the Unusual Radio Source 3C48". Nature. 197 (4872): 1041–1042. Bibcode:1963Natur.197.1041G. doi:10.1038/1971041a0. S2CID 4193798.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Todd A. Boroson & Oke, J. B. (1982). "Detection of the underlying galaxy in the QSO 3C48". Nature. 296 (5856): 397–399. Bibcode:1982Natur.296..397B. doi:10.1038/296397a0. S2CID 4284238.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Witz, Stephan W. (4 December 2015). "Calibration and Flux Density Scale". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scharwächter, J.; Eckart, A.; Pfalzner, S.; Zuther, J.; Krips, M.; Straubmeier, C. (2004-02-01). "A multi-particle model of the 3C 48 host". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 414 (2): 497–501. arXiv:astro-ph/0310740. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031658. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kirhakos, Sofia; Bahcall, John N.; Schneider, Donald P.; Kristian, Jerome (1999-07-20). "The Host Galaxies of Three Radio-loud Quasars: 3C 48, 3C 345, and B2 1425+267". The Astrophysical Journal. 520 (1): 67–77. arXiv:astro-ph/9902175. doi:10.1086/307430. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilkinson, P. N.; Tzioumis, A. K.; Benson, J. M.; Walker, R. C.; Simon, R. S.; Kahn, F. D. (July 1991). "A disrupted radio jet inside the host galaxy of the quasar 3C48". Nature. 352 (6333): 313–315. doi:10.1038/352313a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Matthews, Thomas A.; Sandage, Allan R. (1963). "Optical Identification of 3c 48, 3c 196, and 3c 286 with Stellar Objects" (journal). The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. pp. 30–56. Bibcode:1963ApJ...138...30M. doi:10.1086/147615. Archived from the original on 2019-07-12.
