ACTA2

Template:Cs1 config An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox ACTA2 (actin alpha 2) is an actin protein with several aliases including alpha-actin, alpha-actin-2, aortic smooth muscle or alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, SMactin, alpha-SM-actin, ASMA). Actins are a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments. ACTA2 is one of six different actin isoforms and is involved in the contractile apparatus of smooth muscle. ACTA2 (as with all the actins) is extremely highly conserved and found in nearly all mammals.

In humans, ACTA2 is encoded by the ACTA2 gene located on 10q22-q24. Mutations in this gene cause a variety of vascular diseases, such as thoracic aortic disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, Moyamoya disease, and multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome.

ACTA2 (commonly referred to as alpha-smooth muscle actin or α-SMA) is often used as a marker of myofibroblast formation. Studies have shown that ACTA2 is associated with TGF-β pathway that enhances contractile properties of hepatic stellate cells leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Further reading

• Snásel J, Pichová I (1997). "The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease". Folia Biologica. 42 (5): 227–230. doi:10.1007/BF02818986. PMID 8997639. S2CID 7617882.
• Adams LD, Tomasselli AG, Robbins P, Moss B, Heinrikson RL (February 1992). "HIV-1 protease cleaves actin during acute infection of human T-lymphocytes". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 8 (2): 291–295. doi:10.1089/aid.1992.8.291. PMID 1540415.
• Harris DE, Warshaw DM, Periasamy M (March 1992). "Nucleotide sequences of the rabbit alpha-smooth-muscle and beta-non-muscle actin mRNAs". Gene. 112 (2): 265–266. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(92)90388-6. PMID 1555776.
• Tomasselli AG, Hui JO, Adams L, Chosay J, Lowery D, Greenberg B, et al. (August 1991). "Actin, troponin C, Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein and pro-interleukin 1 beta as substrates of the protease from human immunodeficiency virus". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (22): 14548–14553. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98721-1. PMID 1907279.
• Jahoda CA, Reynolds AJ, Chaponnier C, Forester JC, Gabbiani G (July 1991). "Smooth muscle alpha-actin is a marker for hair follicle dermis in vivo and in vitro". Journal of Cell Science. 99 ( Pt 3) (3): 627–636. doi:10.1242/jcs.99.3.627. PMID 1939373.
• Ueyama H, Ohsugi R (March 1990). "TaqI polymorphism in the 3' flanking region of the human aortic smooth muscle actin gene". Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (5): 1318. doi:10.1093/nar/18.5.1318. PMC 330483. PMID 1969628.
• Shoeman RL, Kesselmier C, Mothes E, Höner B, Traub P (January 1991). "Non-viral cellular substrates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease". FEBS Letters. 278 (2): 199–203. Bibcode:1991FEBSL.278..199S. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80116-K. PMID 1991513. S2CID 37002682.
• Nakano Y, Nishihara T, Sasayama S, Miwa T, Kamada S, Kakunaga T (March 1991). "Transcriptional regulatory elements in the 5' upstream and first intron regions of the human smooth muscle (aortic type) alpha-actin-encoding gene". Gene. 99 (2): 285–289. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90140-7. PMID 2022339.
• Reddy S, Ozgur K, Lu M, Chang W, Mohan SR, Kumar CC, et al. (January 1990). "Structure of the human smooth muscle alpha-actin gene. Analysis of a cDNA and 5' upstream region". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (3): 1683–1687. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40070-7. PMID 2295650.
• Kamada S, Nakano Y, Kakunaga T (December 1989). "Structure of 3'-downstream segment of the human smooth muscle (aortic-type) alpha-actin-encoding gene and isolation of the specific DNA probe". Gene. 84 (2): 455–462. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90520-9. PMID 2612915.
• Kamada S, Kakunaga T (February 1989). "The nucleotide sequence of a human smooth muscle alpha-actin (aortic type) cDNA". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (4): 1767. doi:10.1093/nar/17.4.1767. PMC 331843. PMID 2701935.
• Kedes L, Ng SY, Lin CS, Gunning P, Eddy R, Shows T, et al. (1986). "The human beta-actin multigene family". Transactions of the Association of American Physicians. 98: 42–46. PMID 3842206.
• Ueyama H, Hamada H, Battula N, Kakunaga T (June 1984). "Structure of a human smooth muscle actin gene (aortic type) with a unique intron site". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 4 (6): 1073–1078. doi:10.1128/MCB.4.6.1073. PMC 368875. PMID 6330528.
• Strauch AR, Rubenstein PA (June 1984). "A vascular smooth muscle alpha-isoactin biosynthetic intermediate in BC3H1 cells. Identification of acetylcysteine at the NH2 terminus". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259 (11): 7224–7229. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39861-7. PMID 6725286.
• Ueyama H, Inazawa J, Ariyama T, Nishino H, Ochiai Y, Ohkubo I, et al. (March 1995). "Reexamination of chromosomal loci of human muscle actin genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization". The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics. 40 (1): 145–148. doi:10.1007/BF01874078. PMID 7780165.
• Arora PD, McCulloch CA (April 1994). "Dependence of collagen remodelling on alpha-smooth muscle actin expression by fibroblasts". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 159 (1): 161–175. doi:10.1002/jcp.1041590120. PMID 8138584. S2CID 84214215.
• Iwata Y, Pan Y, Yoshida T, Hanada H, Shigekawa M (February 1998). "Alpha1-syntrophin has distinct binding sites for actin and calmodulin". FEBS Letters. 423 (2): 173–177. Bibcode:1998FEBSL.423..173I. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00085-4. PMID 9512352. S2CID 26209999.
• Comer KA, Dennis PA, Armstrong L, Catino JJ, Kastan MB, Kumar CC (March 1998). "Human smooth muscle alpha-actin gene is a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein". Oncogene. 16 (10): 1299–1308. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201645. PMID 9546431. S2CID 11098751.

External links

• GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections
• Template:UCSC gene info

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