Acaena
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Acaena is a genus of about 60 species of mainly evergreen, creeping herbaceous perennial plants and subshrubs in the family Rosaceae, native mainly to the Southern Hemisphere, notably New Zealand, Australia and South America, but with a few species extending into the Northern Hemisphere, north to Hawaii (A. exigua) and California (A. pinnatifida).[2]
The leaves are alternate, 4–15 centimetres (1.6–5.9 in) long, and pinnate or nearly so, with 7–21 leaflets. The flowers are produced in a tight globose [inflorescence] 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) in diameter, with no petals. The fruit is also a dense ball of many seeds; in many (but not all) species the seeds bear a barbed arrowhead point, the seedhead forming a burr which attaches itself to animal fur or feathers for dispersal.
Several Acaena species in New Zealand are known by the common name bidibid. The word is written variously bidi-bidi, biddy-biddy, biddi-biddi, biddi-bid and a number of other variations. These names are the English rendition of the original Māori name of piripiri.[3] The plant is also called the New Zealand burr. The species Acaena microphylla has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[4]
Etymology
The generic name Acaena is derived from the Greek "akaina" (thorn), referring to the spiny hypanthium.[5]
Species
As of 2020[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[6]
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- Acaena agnipila Template:Au
- Acaena alpina Template:Au
- Acaena anserinifolia Template:Au
- Acaena antarctica Template:Au
- Acaena argentea Template:Au
- Acaena boliviana Template:Au
- Acaena buchananii Template:Au
- Acaena caesiiglauca Template:Au – glaucous pirri-pirri-bur
- Acaena caespitosa Template:Au
- Acaena confertissima Template:Au
- Acaena cylindristachya Template:Au
- Acaena dumicola Template:Au (South Island of New Zealand)
- Acaena echinata Template:Au – sheep's burr
- Acaena elongata Template:Au
- Acaena emittens Template:Au (North Island of New Zealand)
- Acaena eupatoria Template:Au
- Acaena exigua Template:Au – liliwai (Hawaiʻi)
- Acaena fissistipula Template:Au
- Acaena fuscescens Template:Au
- Acaena glabra Template:Au
- Acaena hirsutula Template:Au
- Acaena inermis Template:Au
- Acaena integerrima Template:Au
- Acaena juvenca Template:Au (New Zealand)
- Acaena latebrosa Template:Au
- Acaena leptacantha Template:Au
- Acaena longiscapa Template:Au
- Acaena lucida Template:Au
- Acaena macrocephala Template:Au
- Acaena magellanica Template:Au – greater burnet
- Acaena masafuerana Template:Au
- Acaena microphylla Template:Au – New Zealand-bur
- Acaena minor Template:Au
- Acaena montana Template:Au
- Acaena myriophylla Template:Au
- Acaena novae-zelandiae Template:Au – red bidibid (New Zealand)
- Acaena ovalifolia Template:Au
- Acaena ovina Template:Au
- Acaena pallida Template:Au – sand bidibid
- Acaena patagonica Template:Au
- Acaena pinnatifida Template:Au – Argentinian biddy-biddy
- Acaena platyacantha Template:Au
- Acaena poeppigiana Template:Au
- Acaena profundeincisa Template:Au
- Acaena pumila Template:Au
- Acaena rorida Template:Au (North Island)
- Acaena saccaticupula Template:Au
- Acaena sarmentosa Template:Au
- Acaena sericea Template:Au
- Acaena splendens Template:Au
- Acaena stangii Template:Au
- Acaena stricta Template:Au
- Acaena subincisa Template:Au
- Acaena tenera Template:Au – lesser burnet
- Acaena tesca Template:Au (South Island)
- Acaena torilicarpa Template:Au
- Acaena trifida Template:Au
Invasive species
Some species have been introduced accidentally to other areas, attached to sheep's wool, and have become invasive species. Acaena novae-zelandiae, one of the bidibids from New Zealand, is the most commonly encountered species in the United Kingdom, where it is often abundant on coastal sand dunes, crowding out native vegetation and creating an often painful nuisance with the barbed burrs. In California, A. pallida, A. novae-zelandiae and A. anserinifolia are considered serious weeds.[7]
References
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- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."genus Acaena". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
- ^ Orsman, H. W. (1999). The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
- ^ RHS Plant Selector Acaena microphylla AGM / RHS Gardening[permanent dead link]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bryony Macmillan. "Rosaceae 26. Acaena". E-Flora (Flora of North America). Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Acaena". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Weeds Sorted by Pest Rating", CFDA.ca.gov
External links
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