Acholi dialect

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Acholi
Acoli
Lwo
Native toUganda, South Sudan
RegionAcholi sub-region, Kiryandongo District and Magwi county
EthnicityAcholi
Native speakers
1.5 million in Uganda (2014 census)[1]
27,000 in South Sudan (2000)[1]
Dialects
  • Labwor (leb Thur)
  • Nyakwai
  • Dhopaluo (Chope)
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-2Template:ISO 639-2
ISO 639-3Either:
ach – Acholi/ Acoli
lth – Thur
Glottologacol1236
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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File:WIKITONGUES- Opoka speaking Acholi.webm
A man speaking Acholi.

Acholi (/əˈtʃoʊ.li/ Script error: No such module "Respell"., also Leb Acoli, or Leb Lwo) is a Southern Luo dialect spoken by the Acholi people in the districts of Gulu, Kitgum, Amuru, Lamwo, Agago, Nwoya, Omoro and Pader (a region known as Acholiland) in northern Uganda. The Dhopaluo (Chope) sub-dialect of Acholi is spoken in the Kiryandongo District in the kingdom of Bunyoro. It is also spoken in South Sudan in Magwi County, Eastern Equatoria.

Song of Lawino, well known in African literature, was written in Acholi by Okot p'Bitek, although its sequel, Song of Ocol, was written in English.[1]

Acholi, Alur, and Jo Padola have between 84 and 90 per cent of their vocabulary in common[2] and are mutually intelligible.[dubious – discuss] However, they are often counted as separate languages because their speakers are ethnically distinct. Labwor (Thur), once considered a dialect of Acholi, may not be intelligible with it.[2]

Phonology

Acholi has vowel harmony: all vowels in a word have to belong to a single class (e.g. Script error: No such module "IPA". the cold vs. Script error: No such module "IPA". to separate). There are two sets of five vowels, distinguished by the feature [+/-ATR].

[-ATR] vowels in Acholi
Front Central Back
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
[+ATR] vowels in Acholi
Front Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open ɑ
Acholi consonants[3]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
plain lab.
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p pʷ t tʃ k
voiced b bʷ d ɟ ɡ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Rhotic r
Approximant l j w

/pʷ/ and /bʷ/ sounds may also sound as labial affricates [pf] and [bv].[4]

Acholi is a tonal language. It has high, low, downstep high and double downstep high tones, but also two contour tones: one rising and one falling.[3] Thus, some words may be distinguished by tone alone, e.g. bèl (low) 'wrinkled' vs. bél (high) 'corn' and kàl (low) 'place enclosed by a palisade' vs. kál (high) 'millet'. Tone furthermore plays a role in verb conjugation.

Recent work

The above were the old work of the missionaries Alfred Malandra and Crazzolara published in 1955. However, a more up-to-date Acholi orthography by Janet Lakareber shows that a vowel in Acholi language has more than two pronunciations.[5] A monosyllabic word in Acholi has 14 different pronunciations. This is explained in the nine books of Acoli Accented Orthography.[5]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.^ Heron, G.A., 1972, Introduction p. 8 in p'Bitek, Okot, 1984.
  2. Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.^ Ladefoged et al., 1972:80.

Endnotes

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  1. ^ a b Template:Ethnologue23
    Template:Ethnologue23
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Registration authority request for change of language code" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rüsch, Maren (2020). A conversational analysis of Acholi: structure and socio-pragmatics of a Nilotic language of Uganda. Brill's studies in language, cognition and culture. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-43759-3.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Malandra, Alfred (1955). A New Acholi Grammar. Kampala: Eagle Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Acoli Accented Orthography with diacritical marks". Retrieved 3 May 2019.

Bibliography

  • Crazzolara, J.P. (1938) A study of the Acooli language. Grammar and Vocabulary. International Institute of African Languages and Cultures. London/New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press.
  • Kitching, Arthur Leonard (1932) An outline grammar of the Acholi language (first published 1907). London: Sheldon Press / Kampala: The Uganda Bookshop.
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Ruth Glick; Clive Criper; Clifford H. Prator; Livingstone Walusimbi (1972) Language in Uganda (Ford Foundation language surveys vol. 1). London/New York etc. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN
  • Malandra, Alfred (1955) A new Acholi grammar. Kampala: Eagle Press. Hathitrust record
  • Okidi, Festo (2000) Acholi for beginners: grammar, Acholi–English, English–Acholi. London: Pilato Books. Template:ISBN
  • p'Bitek, Okot (1985) Acholi proverbs. Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya.
  • p'Bitek, Okot (1984) Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol. (African Writers Series, 266). London: Heinemann Educational.
  • Janet Lakareber (2011) Coono Leb Acoli (intro) Acoli Accented Orthography. London: GBILA. Template:ISBN

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Acholi dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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