Akbar II

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Akbar II
اکبر دوم
King of Delhi
Badshah
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Portrait of Akbar Shah II, c. 1827
Mughal emperor
Reign19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
Coronation19 November 1806
PredecessorShah Alam II
SuccessorBahadur Shah II
BornMirza Akbar
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Mukundpur, Rewa State, Maratha Confederacy
DiedScript error: No such module "person date".
Delhi, Subah of Delhi, Mughal Empire
Burial
Moti Masjid, Delhi, India
SpouseMumtaz Mahal[1]
Anwar Mahal[2]
Lal Bai[3]
Issue14 sons, including:
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Names
Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
Era dates
18th and 19th centuries
Regnal name
Akbar Shah II
HouseMughal dynasty
DynastyTimurid dynasty
FatherShah Alam II
MotherQudsia Begum
ReligionSunni Islam (Hanafi)
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Akbar II (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; 22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as Akbar Shah II (Template:Langx), was the nineteenth Mughal emperor from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of Shah Alam II and the father of Bahadur Shah II, who would eventually succeed him and become the last Mughal emperor.

Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the East India Company. He sent Ram Mohan Roy as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and issuing coins in his name. The Persian lines in the company's coins to this effect were deleted.

Akbar II was credited with starting the Hindu–Muslim unity festival Phool Walon Ki Sair.[9][10] His grave lies next to the dargah of 13th-century Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli.

Early life

File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg
The crown prince seated next to his blinded father Shah Alam II (c. 1800)

Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor Shah Alam II at Mukundpur, Satna, while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the Red Fort, the prince was made Crown prince with the title of Wali Ahd Bahadur, after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of Delhi until 1799. When the Rohilla leader Ghulam Qadir captured Delhi in 1788, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to nautch dance along with other Mughal princes. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When Shah Jahan IV fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of Akbar Shah II, and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father Shah Alam II, till January 1789.

Reign

File:Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg
Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in Ahmedabad, in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II.
File:Silver Rupee of Bhopal State struck in the name of Mughal emperor Muhammad Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.jpg
Silver Rupee of the Bhopal State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.
File:Silver Rupee of Bharatpur state, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, Mahe Indrapur Mint.jpg
Silver Rupee of Bharatpur State, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, Mahe Indrapur Mint.
File:Jade bowl of akbar shah national museum india.JPG
Jade bowl inscribed with the name of the emperor
File:Tombs of Shah Alam and Akbar II, c1890s.jpg
The tombs of Akbar II and his father Shah Alam II in Zafar Mehal, Mehrauli, Delhi

Emperor Akbar II presided over an empire titularly large but in effect limited to the Red Fort in Delhi alone. The cultural life of Delhi as a whole flourished during his reign. However, his attitude towards East India Company officials, especially Lord Hastings, to whom he refused to grant an audience on terms other than those of subject and sovereign, although honourable to him, increasingly frustrated the British, who regarded him as merely their pensioner. The British therefore reduced his titular authority to 'King of Delhi' in 1835 and the East India Company ceased to act as the mere lieutenants of the Mughal Empire as they did from 1803 to 1835. Simultaneously they replaced Persian text with English text on the company's coins, which no longer carried the emperor's name.

The British encouraged the Nawab of Oudh and the Nizam of Hyderabad to take royal titles to further diminish the Emperor's status and influence. Out of deference, the Nizam did not, but the Nawab of Awadh did so.

He is also known to have bestowed the title Nawab upon the Nawab of Tonk and Nawab of Jaora.

Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the Court of St James’s. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail.

The grave of Akbar II lies within a marble enclosure adjoined to the Moti Masjid near the dargah of the 13th century Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli, Delhi. The Mughal emperors Bahadur Shah I, (Shah Alam I) and Shah Alam II are also buried here.[11]

Descendants

File:India 1835 2 Mohurs (rev).jpg
An East India Company Double Mohur, struck in 1835, featuring Ali the lion (Sher-e-Ali) and the sacred tree of Karbala

After the mutiny, cousins of Mirza Mughal, son of Bahadur Shah Zafar, son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince Mirza Mughal, the heir apparent was himself captured and executed by the British near Delhi gate. Many surviving princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in Burma, Bengal and Deccan since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor Bahadur Shah II were exiled to Rangoon in Burma.

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jatindra Kumar Majumdar, ed. (1939). Raja Rammohun Roy and the Last Moghuls: A Selection from Official Records, 1803–1859. Art Press. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 9788170410645. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Indian History Congress (1958). Proceedings, Volume 20. Indian History Congress. p. 316.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Syed Mahdi Husain (2006). Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi. Aakar Books. p. 36. ISBN 9788187879916.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1. 1911. p. 341.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1. 1911. p. 342.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1. 1911. p. 342.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS". 15 April 2020.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1. 1911. p. 342.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dec 8, TNN / (8 December 2012). "Akbar, Dara Shikoh had set examples of Hindu-Muslim unity | Varanasi News – Times of India". The Times of India.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Akbar and his religious policy" (PDF).
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dadlani, Chanchal B. (2018). From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire. New Haven [CT]. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-300-23317-9. OCLC 1024165136.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliography

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