Alectoris
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Automated taxobox". Alectoris is a genus of partridges in the family Phasianidae, closely related to Old World quail (Coturnix and relatives), snowcocks (Tetraogallus), partridge-francolins (Pternistis), bush quail (Perdicula), and sand and see-see partridges (Ammoperdix). Members of the genus are known collectively as rock partridges (a name that also refers to one species in particular, Alectoris graeca). The genus name is derived from the Template:Langx, meaning "chicken" or "farmyard fowl".[1]
Their fossils date back to the early Pleistocene, with extant representatives in southern Europe, North Africa and Arabia, and across Asia in Pakistan to Tibet and western China.
Taxonomy
The genus Alectoris was introduced in 1829 by German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup to accommodate a single species Perdrix petrosa, a junior synonym of Perdix barbara Bonnaterre, 1790, the Barbary partridge, which is therefore the type species by monotypy.[2][3] The genus name is from Ancient Greek αλεκτορις/alektoris, αλεκτοριδος/alektoridos meaning "hen" or "chicken".[4]
Description
These are non-migratory birds of dry, open and often hilly country. They nest in a scantily lined ground scrape laying up to 20 eggs. They feed on a wide variety of seeds and vegetation. Ants are a very important source of nutrition for the birds as are pine nuts, juniper berries and lichens.[citation needed]
As is typical of many galliform birds, Alectoris partridges are relatively round-bodied and small-headed. They typically have a light brown or grey back, grey breast, buff belly, and barred flanks. Several species have a whitish throat with a black border. Their specialized flank coverts give them the appearance of being more rotund than they actually are.[citation needed] Their legs are red, with well-developed, ball-peen hammer-like spurs. When disturbed they run very rapidly, often uphill, taking to the wing if pressed. Their wings are long and fairly sharp, shaped rather like those of ptarmigan and spruce grouse, suggesting that the birds sustain themselves in flight over substantial distances to find food.[citation needed] This probably occurs most often during winter.[citation needed]
Introduced species and hybridisation
Some members of the genus, notably the chukar and red-legged partridge, have been introduced to many locations outside their natural range; there are now established populations of chukar in western North America, Hawaii, and the South Island of New Zealand, and of red-legged partridge in the United Kingdom, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.
The chukar readily interbreeds with the red-legged partridge and rock partridge. The practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred chukar and hybrids between chukar and red-legged partridge has been banned in the United Kingdom, as it is a threat to red-legged partridge populations.[5][6]
Species
The genus contains seven extant species:[7]
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Kalliopyy (cropped).jpg | Barbary partridge | Alectoris barbara | North Africa, and is also native to Gibraltar and the Canary Islands |
| File:Schwarzkopfsteinhuhn klein und gross Walsrode 2014.jpg | Arabian partridge | Alectoris melanocephala | southern Saudi Arabia, Yemen and western Oman. |
| File:Alectoris rufa (cropped).jpg | Red-legged partridge | Alectoris rufa | Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy and Balearic Islands |
| File:Alectoris chukar 127503047.jpg | Chukar partridge | Alectoris chukar | Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan and India |
| File:Steinhuhn.jpg | Rock partridge | Alectoris graeca | Serbia, Albania, Italy, and France to Greece and Bulgaria |
| File:Philby-Steinhuhn.jpg | Philby's partridge | Alectoris philbyi | Saudi Arabia and Yemen |
| Przevalski's partridge | Alectoris magna | China (Gansu, Qinghai) |
Two prehistoric species are known from fossils:
- A. peii Hou, 1982 China
- A. baryosefi Tchernov, 1980 Early Pleistocene of El-`Ubeidiya (Jordan valley), Israel.
See also
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kaup, Johann Jakob (1829). Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt (in German). Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske. pp. 180, 193.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 62.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jobling, James A. "Alectoris". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barilani, Marina; Bernard-Laurent, Ariane; Mucci, Nadia; Tabarroni, Cristiano; Kark, Salit; Garrido, José Antonio Perez; Randi, Ettore (June 2007). "Hybridisation with introduced Chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native Rock (A. graeca) and Red-legged (A. rufa) Partridge populations". Biological Conservation. 137 (1): 57–69. Bibcode:2007BCons.137...57B. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.014. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Red-legged partridge". Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
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