Allamanda
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Allamanda is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. They are native to the Americas, where they are distributed from Mexico to Argentina. Some species are familiar as ornamental plants cultivated for their large, colorful flowers. Most species produce yellow flowers; A. blanchetii bears pink flowers.[2] The genus name Allamanda honors the Swiss botanist and physician Frédéric-Louis Allamand (1736–1809).[3] It is the official flower of Kuching North City Hall.[4]
Description
Plants of the genus are evergreen trees,[3] shrubs, or vines.[citation needed] They contain a white latex. The leaves are opposite or arranged in whorls of up to 5. The blades are generally oval and smooth-edged, and some are leathery or lightly hairy. The inflorescence is a compound cyme. The flower has five lobed sepals and a bell- or funnel-shaped corolla of five petals, yellow in most species. The fruit is a schizocarp containing two to four seeds.[3]
Chemistry and medicine
In lab analyses Allamanda species have yielded several chemical compounds, including iridoid lactones such as allamandin, plumericin, and plumierides. Plumericin particularly was demonstrated to be a highly potent NF-κB inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, while its structurally related derivatives plumierdin, plumeridoid C, and allamandicin did not have activity.[5] The lignan pinoresinol and coumarins such as scopoletin and scoparone have been isolated from A. schottii.[6]
Allamanda species have been used in systems of traditional medicine for various purposes. A. cathartica has been used to treat liver tumors,[6] jaundice, splenomegaly, and malaria.[citation needed] In analyses, some species have shown some activity against carcinoma cells, pathogenic fungi, and HIV.[citation needed]
In June 2022 a research team in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, observed an orangutan chewing the stem and leaves of this plant, locally known as akar kuning, and applying the resulting paste and chewed leaves to a serious wound on its face. This is considered the first time a non-human species was seen deliberately preparing and applying medicine. After five days, the wound had closed, and fully healed three weeks later.[7][8] Note: this is mistaken. The plant used by the orangutan was Fibraurea tinctoria, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibraurea_tinctoria. The source of confusion is that both species have the same common name, Akar Kuning.
Cultivation
In the wild, allamandas grow along riverbanks and other open, sunny areas with adequate rainfall and perpetually moist substrate. The plants do not tolerate shade or salty or alkaline soils, and they are sensitive to frost. They grow rapidly, sometimes spreading 3 meters per year. They can be propagated from cuttings.
Can be trained as a standard.
Ecology
Allamandas have become naturalized throughout the tropics, growing in roadside ditches, abandoned yards, and dumps. A. cathartica in particular is an invasive species in Queensland.[9] Cutting is ineffective as a means of control, because the plants respond to coppicing.
Taxonomy
There are about 12 to 15 valid species in the genus.[3]
Species and synonyms include:
- Allamanda angustifolia Pohl
- Allamanda blanchetii A.DC. – purple allamanda, violet allamanda, violet trumpetvine
- Allamanda calcicola[2]
- Allamanda cathartica L. – yellow allamanda, golden-trumpet, common trumpetvine[10] brownbud allamanda[11]
- Allamanda doniana Müll.Arg.
- Allamanda laevis Markgr.
- Allamanda martii Müll.Arg.
- Allamanda nobilis T.Moore
- Allamanda oenotherifolia Pohl
- Allamanda polyantha Müll.Arg.
- Allamanda puberula A.DC.
- Allamanda schottii Pohl – bush allamanda[12]
- Allamanda setulosa Miq.
- Allamanda thevetifolia Müll.Arg.
- Allamanda weberbaueri Markgr.
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Retrieved May 22, 2014.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Souza-Silva, R. F.; Rapini, A. (2009). "Allamanda calcicola (Apocynaceae), an overlooked new species from limestone outcrops in the States of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil". Kew Bulletin. 64 (1): 171–74. doi:10.1007/s12225-008-9087-x.
- ^ a b c d Allamanda. FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Laman Web Rasmi Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara". Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fakhrudin, N; Waltenberger, B; Cabaravdic, M; Atanasov, AG; Malainer, C; Schachner, D; Heiss, EH; Liu, R; Noha, SM; Grzywacz, AM; Mihaly-Bison, J; Awad, EM; Schuster, D; Breuss, JM; Rollinger, JM; Bochkov, V; Stuppner, H; Dirsch, VM (2013). "Identification of plumericin as a potent new scaffold inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo". Br J Pharmacol. 171: 1676–86. doi:10.1111/bph.12558. PMC 3966748. PMID 24329519.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schmidt, D. D. F. N.; et al. (2006). "Evaluation of the anti-proliferative effect the extracts of Allamanda blanchetti and A. schottii on the growth of leukemic and endothelial cells". J Pharm Pharm Sci. 9: 200–08.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wounded orangutan seen using plant as medicine". 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Orangutan Seen Treating A Wound With A Medicinal Plant In World-First Observation". IFLScience. 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ Allamanda cathartica. Script error: No such module "webarchive". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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- ^ Allamanda cathartica. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. University of South Florida.
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External links
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- Allamanda cathartica. In: Francis, J. K. Wildland Shrubs of the United States and its Territories. USDA Forest Service, IITF, Shrub Sciences Laboratory.
- Template:In lang Allamanda. Flora Brasiliensis.
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