Allium stipitatum
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Allium stipitatum, Persian shallot,[4] is an Asian species of onion native to central and southwestern Asia.
Some sources regard Allium stipitatum and A. hirtifolium as the same species,[3] while others treat A. stipitatum and A. hirtifolium as distinct.[5] Allium stipitatum in the more inclusive sense occurs in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[3]
The epithet stipitatum means 'with a little stalk' referring to the ovary.[6]
Description
Allium stipitatum grows from bulbs, 3 to 6 cm in diameter, which have blackish, paper-like tunics. The 4–6 basal leaves are broad, green to greyish green in colour, and variably hairy. The leaves are normally withered by the time the bulb flowers. Flowers are borne on stems which are 60–150 cm (24–59 in) tall and arranged in an umbel (a structure where the individual flowers are attached to a central point). The umbels are some 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 in) in diameter, relatively small compared to the tall stems, hence the description 'drumstick allium'. Individual flowers, of which there are many, are a typical allium shape, with a superior ovary and six tepals of a lilac to purple colour, around 2.5 to 5 cm long; white forms are known.
Plants grow on rocky slopes and in fields at elevations of 1,500–2,500 m (4,900–8,200 ft).[5][7] It is a typical 'drumstick allium', with a more-or-less spherical umbel on a tall stipe, and as such has often been confused with other similar species.[6]
Use in Persian cuisine
Bulbs of Allium stipitatum are eaten in Iran, where they are called موسیر (pronounced /muːˈsiːɾ/). They grow wild across the Zagros Mountains.[4] Most of those eaten are harvested from the wild, sliced, dried, and sold at markets. Buyers will often soak the shallots for a number of days then boil them to obtain a milder flavour. They are often crushed and mixed with yogurt. Iranians enjoy yogurt in this way, especially in restaurants and kebab-saras where just kebabs are served.[citation needed]
Iranian plants are among those referred to as A. hirtifolium, when distinguished from A. stipitatum.[8]
Ornamental use
Mathew describes this species as "stately", and the easiest to grow of the tall alliums, flowering in about four years when grown from seed.[7] In keeping with the wild habitat of the species, when grown for ornament, well-drained, sunny conditions are recommended.[5] Care is needed in placing all the drumstick alliums, since their withered leaves are unattractive at flowering time. Davies notes that "as a bonus numerous offsets are produced";[6] this has the potential to make the species invasive when grown in borders.
The cultivars 'Mount Everest'[9] and 'Violet Beauty'[10] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Medicinal properties and health effects
Allium stipitatum is used as a medicinal plant in Central Asia. Extracts of the bulbs of the plant, which showed activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were found to contain several pyridine-N-oxide derivatives. Analysis of the cut plant using a mass spectrometer equipped with a DART ion source showed the presence of N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione, also known as pyrithione, a compound which is moderately cytotoxic toward human tumour cell lines, and highly active against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria. Pyrithione-containing plant extracts are used in herbal medicine for treatment of malaria. Zinc pyrithione is used in commercial anti-dandruff shampoos.[11][12][13][14]
References
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- ^ Eduard August von Regel. 1881. Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani 7: 546
- ^ http The International Plant Names Index
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Allium stipitatum", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2012-02-27
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ebrahimia, R.; Zamani, Z. & Kash, A. (2009), "Genetic diversity evaluation of wild Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) using morphological and RAPD markers", Scientia Horticulturae, 119 (4): 345–351, Bibcode:2009ScHor.119..345E, doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2008.08.032
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Davies, Dilys (1992), Alliums : the ornamental onions, London: B.T. Batsford (in association with the Hardy Plant Society), ISBN 978-0-7134-7030-7, p. 101f. and p. 137f.
- ^ a b c Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mathew, Brian (1978), The Larger Bulbs, London: B.T. Batsford (in association with the Royal Horticultural Society), ISBN 978-0-7134-1246-8, p. 32
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Allium stipitatum 'Mount Everest'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Allium stipitatum 'Violet Beauty'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.O’Donnell, G.; Poeschl, R.; Zimhony, O.; Gunaratnam, M.; Moreira, J.B.C.; Neidle, S.; Evangelopoulos, D.; Bhakta, S.; Malkinson, J.P.; Boshoff, H.I.; Lenaerts, A. & Gibbons, S. (2009), "Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum", J. Nat. Prod., 72 (3): 360–365, doi:10.1021/np800572r, PMC 2765505, PMID 19093848
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kusterer, J.; Vogt, A. & Keusgen, M. (2010), "Isolation and Identification of a New Cysteine Sulfoxide and Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Allium Subgenus Melanocrommyum", J. Agric. Food Chem., 58 (1): 520–526, Bibcode:2010JAFC...58..520K, doi:10.1021/jf902294c, PMID 19919098
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Block, E. (2010), Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science, Royal Society of Chemistry, ISBN 978-0-85404-190-9
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Block, E.; Dane, A.J. & Cody, R.B. (2011), "Crushing Garlic and Slicing Onions: Detection of Sulfenic Acids and Other Reactive Organosulfur Intermediates from Garlic and Other Alliums Using Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS)", Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon and the Related Elements, 186 (5): 1085–1093, doi:10.1080/10426507.2010.507728, S2CID 98520689
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