Anas

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Anas is a genus of dabbling ducks. It includes the pintails, most teals, and the mallard and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of a molecular phylogenetic study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera.[2] The genus now contains 31 living species. The name Anas is the Latin for "duck".

Systematics

The genus Anas was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[3][4] Anas is the Latin word for a duck.[5] The genus formerly included additional species. In 2009 a large molecular phylogenetic study was published that compared mitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the family Anatidae. The results confirmed some of the conclusions of earlier smaller studies and indicated that the genus as then defined was non-monophyletic.[2] Based on the results of this study, Anas was split into four proposed monophyletic genera with five species including the wigeons transferred to the resurrected genus Mareca, ten species including the shovelers and some teals transferred to the resurrected genus Spatula and the Baikal teal placed in the monotypic genus Sibirionetta.[6]

Species

There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:[6]

Image Common name Scientific name Distribution
African black duck Anas sparsa eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa from South Africa n north to South Sudan and Ethiopia with outlying populations in western equatorial Africa, in south east Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon.
Yellow-billed duck Anas undulata southern and eastern Africa.
Meller's duck Anas melleri eastern Madagascar.
Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the southwestern Pacific, reaching to the Caroline Islands in the north and French Polynesia in the east
File:Starr 080607-7217 Boerhavia repens.jpg Laysan duck Anas laysanensis Hawaiian Islands
File:Hawaiian Duck (12045063073).jpg Hawaiian duck Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian islands
File:Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica) RWD2.jpg Philippine duck Anas luzonica the Philippines
File:Anas poecilorhyncha -Assam -India-8.jpg Indian spot-billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha Pakistan and India
File:Anas zonorhyncha swimming.jpg Eastern spot-billed duck Anas zonorhyncha Southeast Asia
File:029 -MALLARD (11-14-06) sloco, ca (1) (8711887568).jpg Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Alaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across Eurasia, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea, in the east, south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand
File:Mottled Duck male RWD3.jpg Mottled duck Anas fulvigula Gulf of Mexico coast between Alabama and Tamaulipas (Mexico) and Florida
File:Anas rubripes PM3.jpg American black duck Anas rubripes Saskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States
File:029 - MEXICAN MALLARD (1-21-2017) female, patagonia lake, santa cruz co, az -01 (32482525295).jpg Mexican duck Anas diazi Mexico and the southern United States.
File:Cape Teal (Anas capensis) (7096522691).jpg Cape teal Anas capensis sub-Saharan Africa
File:White-cheeked Pintail, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.jpg White-cheeked pintail Anas bahamensis Caribbean, South America, and the Galápagos Islands
File:Red-billed Pintail (Anas erythrorhyncha) RWD1.jpg Red-billed teal Anas erythrorhyncha southern and eastern Africa
File:Yellow-billed Pintail RWD2.jpg Yellow-billed pintail Anas georgica South America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia
File:Anas eatoni.jpg Eaton's pintail Anas eatoni island groups of Kerguelen and Crozet in the southern Indian Ocean
File:Anas acuta3.jpg Northern pintail Anas acuta Europe, Asia and North America
File:Common Teal (Anas crecca) near Hodal, Haryana W IMG 6512.jpg Eurasian teal Anas crecca northern Eurasia
File:Green-winged Teal RWD5.jpg Green-winged teal Anas carolinensis North America except on the Aleutian Islands
File:Anas flavirostris.JPG Yellow-billed teal Anas flavirostris Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil.
File:Andean-Teal.jpg Andean teal Anas andium (formerly included in A. flavirostris) Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
File:SundaTeal Bali.jpg Sunda teal Anas gibberifrons Indonesia.
File:NettionKeulemans.jpg Andaman teal Anas albogularis (formerly included in A. gibberifrons) Andaman Islands (India) and Great Coco Island (Burma)
File:Anas gracilis -Nga Manu Nature Reserve, Waikanae, New Zealand -swimming-8.jpg Grey teal Anas gracilis Australia and New Zealand
File:MaleChestnutTealNarrabeenLake.jpg Chestnut teal Anas castanea Tasmania and southern Victoria, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island
File:Anas bernieri Masoala-Halle.jpg Bernier's teal Anas bernieri Madagascar
File:Brown teal.jpg Brown teal Anas chlorotis New Zealand
File:Auckland Island teal on Enderby Island.jpg Auckland teal Anas aucklandica Auckland Islands south of New Zealand
File:Campbell Island Teal, Pengo.jpg Campbell teal Anas nesiotis (formerly included in A. aucklandica) New Zealand

Extinct Species

Formerly placed in Anas:

Phylogeny

Cladogram based on the analysis of Gonzalez and colleagues published in 2009.[2]

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Fossil record

File:Anas blanchardi aquitaniano st gerard les puys.JPG
Anas blanchardi fossil

A number of fossil species of Anas have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:

  • †Anas sp. (Late Miocene of China)[7]
  • †Anas sp. (mid-sized species from the Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)[8]
  • †Anas amotape (Campbell 1979) (Talara Tar Seeps, Late Pleistocene of Peru)[9]
  • †Anas bunkeri (Wetmore 1944) (Early -? Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of WC USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade?[10]
  • †Anas cheuen Agnolín 2006 (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) – Dafila?[11]
  • †Anas ganii Burchak-Abramovich, Suspanov and David 1996 (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Moldova)
  • †Anas greeni (Brodkorb 1964) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA)[12] – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • †Anas itchtucknee McCoy 1963[13] (Late Pleistocene of Florida, USA) doubtful validity[14]
  • †Anas kisatibiensis Burchak-Abramovich and Mczedlidze 1995 (nomen nudum) (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi, Georgia)
  • †Anas kurochkini Zelenkov & Panteleyev 2015 (Late Miocene of Sea of Azov, southern Russia)
  • †Anas lambrechti Spillman 1942 [Archaeoquerquedula lambrechti] (Pleistocene of Ecuador)
  • †Anas ogallalae (Brodkorb 1962) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA)[15] – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • Bermuda Islands flightless duck †Anas pachyscelus Wetmore 1960 (Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
  • †Anas pullulans (Brodkorb 1961) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Oregon, USA)[16] – Punanetta?
  • †Anas schneideri Emslie 1985 (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)[17]

Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the Anas assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:

  • †"Anas" basaltica (Late Oligocene of Czech Republic) is apparently an indeterminate heron.[18]
  • †"Anas" blanchardi, "A." consobrina, "A." natator are now in Mionetta
  • †"Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium), "A." risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and "A." skalicensis (Early Miocene of Czech Republic), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.[18][19]
  • †"Anas" albae (Late Miocene of Hungary), "A." eppelsheimensis (Early Pliocene of Germany) and "A." isarensis (Late Miocene of Germany) are apparently Anatidae of unclear affiliations[18]
  • †"Anas" integra and "A." oligocaena are now in Dendrochen.
  • †"Anas" lignitifila from the Late Miocene of Tuscany has been moved to its own genus, Bambolinetta, being a highly unusual marine waterfowl.
  • †"Anas" luederitzensis (Early Miocene of Namibia) may belong within Oxyurini[20]
  • †"Anas" robusta is now tentatively placed in Anserobranta.[21]
  • †"Anas" sansaniensis is now placed in Chenoanas
  • †"Anas" velox (Middle – Late? Miocene of C Europe) and "A." meyerii (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong Anas, and they may be ancestral dabbling ducks.[22]

Anas elapsum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) is now synonymised with the extant Hardhead.[23] Anas gracilipes and Anas strenuum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) are both junior synonyms of the extant Chestnut teal.[23]

Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the moa-nalos. These may be descended from a common ancestor of dabbling ducks such as the Pacific black duck, Laysan duck, and mallard. Phylogenetically, they may even form a clade within the traditional genus Anas.[24] However, when compared to these species – which are representative of dabbling ducks in general – the moa-nalos are a radical departure from the Anseriforme bauplan. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly phylogenetic taxonomy may be difficult to apply.[citation needed]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Anatidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gonzalez, J.; Düttmann, H.; Wink, M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae". Journal of Zoology. 279 (3): 310–318. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latina). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 122. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2018-02-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 460. Archived from the original on 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stidham, T.A. (2015). "Re-description and phylogenetic assessment of the Late Miocene ducks Aythya shihuibas and Anas sp. (Aves: Anseriformes) from Lufeng, Yunnan, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 10: 335–349.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bernor, R.L.; Kordos, L.; Rook, L. (2004). "Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: A compendium" (PDF). Paleontographica Italiana. 89: 3–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campbell, Kenneth E. (1979). The non-passerine Pleistocene avifauna of the Talara Tar Seeps, northwestern Peru. Royal Ontario Museum. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.52133. ISBN 0888542305.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brodkorb, Pierce (1958). "Birds From the Middle Pliocene of Mckay, Oregon". Condor. 60 (4): 252–255. doi:10.2307/1365194. JSTOR 1365194.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Agnolín, F.L. (2006). "Dos nuevos Anatidae (Aves, Anseriformes) del Pleistoceno Inferior-Medio de Argentina". Studia Geológica Salmanticensia. 42: 81–95.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brodkorb, Pierce (1964). "A Pliocene Teal from South Dakota". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 27 (1): 55–58.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCoy, J.J. (1963). "The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida". The Auk. 80 (3): 335–351. doi:10.2307/4082892. JSTOR 4082892.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campbell, Kenneth E. (1980). "A review of the Rancholabrean avifauna of the Itchtucknee River, Florida". Contributions in Science. 330: 119–129. doi:10.5962/p.226843.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brodkorb, P. (1962). "A teal from the Lower Pliocene of Kansas". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 25 (2): 157–160.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brodkorb, P. (1961). "Birds from the Pliocene of Juntura, Oregon". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 24 (3): 169–184.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Emslie, Steven D. (1985). "A New Species of Teal From the Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Wyoming". Auk. 102 (1): 201–205. doi:10.2307/4086849. JSTOR 4086849. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  18. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mlíkovský, Jiří (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe (PDF). Prague: Ninox Press. p. 123. Template:ISBN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2016.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brodkorb, Pierce (1962). "The Systematic Position of Two Oligocene Birds From Belgium". Auk. 79 (4): 706–707. doi:10.2307/4082652. JSTOR 4082652. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2008). "Birds (Aves) from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia". Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 20: 147–167.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mayr, G.; Lechner, T.; Böhme, M. (2022). "Nearly complete leg of an unusual, shelduck-sized anseriform bird from the earliest late Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede (Germany)". Historical Biology. 35 (4): 465–474. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2045285.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Worthy, T. H.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J. A.; Douglas, B. J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand" (PDF). J. Syst. Palaeontol. 5 (1): 1–39. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5....1W. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957. hdl:2440/43360. S2CID 85230857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  23. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Olson, S.L. (1977). "The identity of the fossil ducks described from Australia by C. W. De Vis". Emu. 77 (3): 127–131. doi:10.1071/MU9770127.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sorenson, M. D.; Cooper, A.; Paxinos, E. E.; Quinn, T. W.; James, H. F.; Olson, S. L.; Fleischer, R. C. (1999). "Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 266 (1434): 2187–93. Bibcode:1999PBioS.266.2187S. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0907. PMC 1690346. PMID 10649633.

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