List of animal names
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Animal group)
Template:Short description Template:Pp Template:Hatnote group
Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2020) |
In the English language, many animals have different names depending on whether they are male, female, young, domesticated, or in groups.
The best-known source of many English words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Juliana Berners.[1] Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]
Generic terms
The terms in this table apply to many or all taxa in a particular biological family, class, or clade.
| Scientific term | Trivial name | Young | Female | Male | Collective noun | Collateral adjective |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aves | bird | chick | hen | cock, rooster | flock | avian |
| Bovinae | cattle; ox,[5] cow, kine (plural, dialectical) | calf | cow (bred); heifer (not bred) |
bull (intact); bullock[6] or steer (castrated) |
herd | bovine |
| Caninae | dog | puppy, pup,[7] cub, whelp | bitch | dog | pack | canine |
| Cetacea | whale, dolphin, porpoise | calf | cow | bull | pod herd[a] |
cetacean |
| Equidae | horse | colt (male), filly (female), foal | jenny (asses); mare (other equids) |
jack (asses); stallion (other equids); gelding (castrated horse) |
herd | equine |
| Felidae | cat | kitten (non-big cats, such as Felis, Lynx, Puma,[9] etc.); cub (big cats, Panthera, and also Puma) |
queen | tom, king | clowder (small cats); pride (big cats) |
feline |
| Suinae | pig | piglet | sow | boar | drift, drove | porcine, suine |
| Procyonidae | Raccoon family of Carnivorans | cub, kit | gaze, smack, committee | procyonid, procyonine | ||
| Viverridae | Civet family of Carnivorans | viverrid, viverrine | ||||
| Mustelidae | Ferret family of Carnivorans (large: badgers & wolverines; small: weasels & ferrets) |
kit | sow (large); jill (small) |
boar (large); hob,[10] jack (small) |
colony (large); business (small) |
mustelid, musteline |
| Leporidae | rabbits & hares | nestling | jill | jack | nest or band | leporid, leporine |
| Osteichthyes | bony fish | hatchling, fry, fingerling | Template:Screen reader-only | Template:Screen reader-only | school, shoal | piscine, ichthyic |
Terms by species or taxon
Usage of collective nouns
Merriam-Webster writes that most terms of venery fell out of use in the 16th century, including a "murder" for crows. It goes on to say that some of the terms in The Book of Saint Albans were "rather fanciful", explaining that the book extended collective nouns to people of specific professions, such as a "poverty" of pipers. It concludes that for lexicographers, many of these do not satisfy criteria for entry by being "used consistently in running prose" without meriting explanation. Some terms that were listed as commonly used were "herd", "flock", "school", and "swarm".[117]
Writing for Audubon, Nicholas Lund says that many such terms are not used in actuality. When he interviewed scientists who specialize in studying specific animals, they had not heard of these terms, such as a "bask" of crocodiles or "wisdom" of wombats, being applied in their fields. Lund noted that the common plural nouns for animals were "flock" for birds and "herd" for cows, conceding that for certain animals in small groups, there was currency in usage such as a "pod" of whales or "gaggle" of geese.[118]
See also
- Animal epithet
- Lists of animals
- List of animal sounds
- wikt:Appendix:Animals, a similar list on English Wiktionary
Notes
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ While the terms pod and herd are often used interchangeably, pod is generally preferred for toothed whales and herd for baleen whales.[8]
- ^ The term flange was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect.[citation needed]
- ^ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
- ^ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
- ^ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
- ^ The term aerie is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[70] Aerie also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top.[70] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ^ The term cast is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[70] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ^ The term flight is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks.[70] Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.
- ^ The term leash is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[70] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ^ The term staff is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[70] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5, archived from the original on 2015-09-15, retrieved 2015-07-02
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
- ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Dictionary.com Animal Names". Archived from the original on 2007-11-14.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Merriam Webster Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ox | mammal, Bos taurus | Britannica". 19 June 2023.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bullock Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary".
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."the definition of pup". Archived from the original on 2009-11-24. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ a b Cawardine, M. 1995). Whales, dolphins and porpoises, Sydney: Harper Collins. pp. 250–51. Template:ISBN
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A Rare Look Inside the Secret Lives of Cougar Families". National Geographic Society. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-14.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."About Ferrets". South Cheshire Ferret Rescue. Archived from the original on 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Albatross". National Geographic Animals. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
- ^ Riddell, Te Aorere. Toroa: The Royal Albatross. Huia, 2003. 11. Print.
- ^ a b c Ivan G. Sparkes, Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."San Diego Zoo". archived copy of Animal group names. Zoological Society of San Diego. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Glossary of Alpaca Terms". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: A". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Common Questions: What Do You Call a Group of...?". Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of...?. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology By Valerius Geist, 1998, Template:ISBN
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Beat about the Bush: Mammals Script error: No such module "webarchive"., by Trevor Carnaby, published by Jacana Media, 2008-01-01, page 362. Template:ISBN.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Berners, Dame Juliana (1881) [First published 1486]. The Boke of Saint Albans. Introduction by William Blades (reproduction ed.). London: Elliot Stock. Archived from the original on 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of BABUINA". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: B". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cirelli, Cheryl. "YourDictionary.com List of Names for Groups of Animals". Retrieved 2020-08-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Campbell, Charles A.R. (2002). "cloud+of+bats"&pg=PA128 Bats, mosquitoes and dollars. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-89875-932-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, Michael J. (1997). "flock+of+bats"&pg=PA62 Durio, a bibliographic review. New Delhi, India: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Office for South Asia. p. 62. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."the definition of cub". Archived from the original on 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Collective Nouns for Insects". Retrieved 2026-05-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Porcine Precision: A Sounder of Swine". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Monarch butterfly, facts and photos". Animals. 2010-11-11. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hayden, Tyler. "A Multicolored Kaleidoscope: Watch colorful butterflies flutters in our Butterfly Pavilion". Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County. County of Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Butterflies and Moths of North America | collecting and sharing data about Lepidoptera". www.butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cardinals and Allies - Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."gib - Definition, meaning & more - Collins Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: C". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."kindle". Archived from the original on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2013-04-15 – via The Free Dictionary.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Malamud, Randy (2012). An introduction to animals and visual culture. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. ISBN 9781137009838.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."the definition of calf". Archived from the original on 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."the definition of cow". Archived from the original on 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Caro, T.M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-226-09434-2. Archived from the original on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."chattering". Archived from the original on 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2013-01-22 – via The Free Dictionary.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."clattering". Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-01-22 – via The Free Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e Universe in Your Pocket by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.
- ^ Gray, p. 594 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Berners, Dame Juliana (1881) [1486]. The Boke of Saint Albans. Introduction by William Blades. London: Elliot Stock. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strutt, Joseph (1801). The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. London: J. White. p. 28.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sege". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-13 – via The Free Dictionary.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Siege". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-13 – via The Free Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: D". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-07-10. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Whelp | Definition of whelp by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.American Kennel Club (2014-10-30). "Boxer Dog Breed Information - American Kennel Club". Akc.org. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Boxer Dog - Energetic Comedian". The-puppy-dog-place.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."cowardice of curs". Metaphordogs.org. 2010-01-09. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cry - definition of cry by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.American Kennel Club. "Learn - American Kennel Club". Akc.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Shark utilization, marketing and trade". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Battle to save NY pod of dolphins". BBC News. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A Pod of Dolphins – NASA Mars Collection". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."the definition of bull". Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A Flamboyance of Flamingos and Other Brilliant Bird Group Names". Dictionary.com. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Talk to the animals: The art and humour of the collective noun". The Independent. 2010-11-27. Archived from the original on 2018-04-24. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Munroe, Susan (2013). "Giant Pandas at the Toronto Zoo". Canada Onlibe. Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: G". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Handley, Julia (2010). "tower+of+giraffes"&pg=PA52 Little things. [S.l.]: Authorhouse. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4520-6170-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Whence the Wildebeest: An Implausibility of Gnus". Archived from the original on 2014-04-28. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Species Profile: Guanaco". Concervación Patagonia. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mobley, Jason A. (2009). "guinea+fowl"+flock&pg=PA291 Birds of the world. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-7614-7775-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lynn-Allen, Lieut.-Colonel B. G. (1951). Shot-gun and Sunlight - The Game Birds of East Africa. London: Batchworth Press. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: H". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Cast and Let Fly: A Kettle of Hawks". Archived from the original on 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."What is a group of jaguars called?". Ask.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02.
- ^ International Wildlife Encyclopedia By Robert Burton, 2002, vol. 8, Template:ISBN, p. 1322 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kangaroo Facts". Aussie Animals. Archived from the original on 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Frequently asked questions". Australian Koala Foundation. Retrieved 2026-04-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Strange collective animal names". mnn.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
- ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."San Diego Zoo". Zoological Society of San Diego. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Common Questions: What Do You Call a Group of...?". archived copy of Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?. U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sawt", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2019-05-25
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tim The Yowie Man: Call of the wild". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company, [1] Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Narwhal". Natural History on the Net. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Narwhal". www.acsonline.org. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brockes, J.; Kumar, A. (2005). "Newts". Current Biology. 15 (2): R42-4. Bibcode:2005CBio...15..R42B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.049. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 15668151.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Opossums | National Geographic". Animals. 2010-11-11. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Javelina". Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "International Bureaucrats Agree: A Waddle of Penguins". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Penguin.net.nz - Frequently asked questions". www.penguin.net.nz. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."gilt - Definition, meaning & more - Collins Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."HOG - meaning in the Cambridge Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."barrow - Definition, meaning & more - Collins Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strom, Stephanie (2014-01-20). "Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Animal Groups". thealmightyguru.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laugesen, Amanda (2022-11-01). "On the hunt for collective nouns for our Australian animals". ANU Reporter. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Goddess of the Dawn: An Aurora of Polar Bears". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Meet our "Cute" prehensile-tailed porcupette, Fofo!". Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vitek, N. S.; et al. (2024). "An extinct north American porcupine with a South American tail". Current Biology. 34 (12): 2712–2718. Bibcode:2024CBio...34.2712V. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.069. PMID 38806055.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 160, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5, archived from the original on 2015-09-15, retrieved 2015-07-02
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."mischief - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ABC Creature Features—Rats". ABC. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lester, Paula (2017-09-13). "Collective nouns for birds: Why we call it a murder of crows, murmuration of starlings and a conspiracy of ravens". Country Life.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Rhinoceroses - info and games". sheppardsoftware.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
- ^ Lilford, F.L.S. 1894-5. Notes on the Ornithology of Northamptonshire and Neighborhood for 1893. Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Vol 8 p54.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."parr". Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-13 – via The Free Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: S". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Florida Museum of Natural History. "Shark Biology". Archived from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of FOLD". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Escargatoire". Archived from the original on 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2015-10-11 – via The Free Dictionary.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simpson, J. A. (1996). The Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press. p. 1620. ISBN 0-19-861258-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."What is a group of sea stars called?". Retrieved 2023-06-10.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."How Do Stingrays Take Care of Their Young?". Sciencing. 29 July 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus. Little, Brown. 2003-09-02. ISBN 978-0-316-73587-2.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robertson, John G. (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements. Senior Scribe Publications. ISBN 978-0-9630919-0-1.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bale - definition of bale by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 213, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5, archived from the original on 2015-09-15, retrieved 2015-07-02
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AskOxford: Z". Retrieved 2010-06-22.[dead link]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."dazzle", Wiktionary, 2022-02-16, retrieved 2022-02-24
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A Drudge of Lexicographers Presents: Collective Nouns". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lund, Nicholas (December 2015). "No, It's Not Actually a Murder of Crows". Audubon. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
Further reading
- Gray, Peter (1970). The encyclopedia of the biological sciences. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Template:Isbn.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lipton, James (1993) [1968]. An Exaltation of Larks (Ultimate ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-017096-2.
