Arsal

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Arsal
Aarsal, Ersal 'Irsal
Town and Municipality
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CountryFile:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon
GovernorateBaalbek-Hermel
DistrictBaalbek
Area
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Elevation
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Population
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Population
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Time zoneEST+7
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Ain Choaab
Ain Chaub
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TypeRock shelter
CulturesNatufian
Location3 km (1.9 mi) east of Labweh
Site notes
Excavation dates1970, 1976
ArchaeologistsBruce Schroeder
Public accessYes
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Arsal (also spelled Aarsal, Ersal or 'Irsal; Template:Langx), is a town and municipality situated east of Labweh, 124 kilometres (77 mi) northeast of Beirut, in Baalbek District of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon.[2] The population is predominantly Sunni Muslim.

It is a traditional town situated on the slopes of the Anti-Lebanon mountains.[3] It is known for its local hand-made carpet industry.[4] The area is known to be one of the few places in the Anti-Lebanon with a good water supply.[5] The Lebanese Ministry of Tourism brochure suggests that the name Arsal or Ersal means "God's Throne" in Aramaic. It documents several rock-cut benches (mastabas) in the village, numerous historical monuments in the nearby hills and an ancient fortified structure in the nearby Wadi Al-Toun of unknown date.[2]

Ain Choaab

Ain Choaab or Ain Chaub spring is located in the nearby hills, just of the main road from Arsal to Labweh. There are Natufian rock shelters situated 80 metres (260 ft) above the wadi bed of the spring that can be accessed via a steep climb up a ridge. Flint tools were collected from the site by Bruce Schroeder in 1970.[6][7] The Ain Choaab archaeological site has not yet been excavated.[8]

History

In 1838, Eli Smith noted 'Arsal as a Metawileh village in the Baalbek area.[9]

Syrian Civil War

On 17 September 2012, Syrian ground-attack aircraft fired three missiles 500 metres (1,600 ft) over the border into Lebanese territory near Arsal. It was suggested that the jets were chasing rebels in the vicinity. The attack prompted Lebanese president Michel Sleiman to launch an investigation, whilst not publicly blaming Syria for the incident.[10]

On 22 September 2012, a group of armed members of the Free Syrian Army attacked a border post near Arsal. This was reported to be the second incursion within a week. The group were chased off into the hills by the Lebanese Army, who detained and later released some rebels due to pressure from locals. Michel Sleiman praised the actions taken by the military as maintaining Lebanon's position being "neutral from the conflicts of others". He called on border residents to "stand beside their army and assist its members." Syria has repeatedly called for an intensified crackdown on rebels that it claims are hiding in Lebanese border towns.[11][12]

One thousand four hundred refugee children from the Syrian civil war have been displaced into the town, where schools only have places for one hundred students. The situation reflects a growing crisis threatening to overwhelm the Beqaa educational system.[13]

On 2 February 2013, the Lebanese army was the victim of an armed ambush in the town as it was seeking to arrest Khaled Homayed. Two army officers were killed and a number of soldiers were wounded. Homayed is believed to have been involved with the Fatah al-Islam organization that was responsible for many deadly attacks on the Lebanese army as well as the kidnapping of seven Estonians in 2011. He is also believed to be active with the Free Syrian Army. Town residents refused to cooperate with the army to reveal the whereabouts of the gunmen who were responsible for the ambush.[14]

In August 2014, ISIS and its allies launched a full-scale invasion and the battle with Lebanese troops went on for five days before they were forced back into Syria.

In January 2016 a local newspaper reported that there were 10,000 Syrian refugees in Arsal itself with a further 100,000 in dozens of camps around the town.[15] A second report estimated that Arsal was host to 50,000 refugees.[16]

On 21 July 2017, a Syrian Army commander stated that his forces and Hezbollah had launched a joint campaign to recapture the remaining territory under militant control near the Lebanon-Syria border, attacking the outskirts of Arsal. The Lebanese Army meanwhile assumed a defensive position in Arsal.[17]

Situation of Refugees in Arsal

In 2019, the Lebanese central government decided to demolish the refuges' huts built of hollow blocks over the war years on the grounds of missing building permits. According to the UNHCR, the resolution affects about 2,300 shelters in 17 camps around Arsal and up to 15,000 people, of whom about half are children.[18]

Ref* Conference Institute for the Study of Religious Communities (G.H.Tardy, MA, expert Sherp.) -"Refugees in Lebanon and Destruction of Regional Geopolitical Diversity, 2019". In sup. "L'Intégrité du Liban en danger), Beirut, 2018.

Since the use of bulldozers in the demolition took no account of the interior facilities and the destruction of mattresses, kitchen appliances, furniture, water tanks was accepted, the humanitarian situation in Arsal has deteriorated dramatically. From now on, according to the government, only tents are still allowed for Syrian residents.[19]

Demographics

In 2014 Muslims made up 99.69% of registered voters in Arsal. 98.86% of the voters were Sunni Muslims.[20]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hizbollah role blurs boundary of Syria conflict". Financial Times.
  2. ^ a b Ministry of Tourism Promenade Brochure - Baalbek Al-Hermel Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.American University of Beirut (1995). Research report. The University. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dominique Auzias; Jean-Paul Labourdette; Guillaume Boudisseau; Christelle Thomas (16 May 2008). Liban. Petit Futé. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-2-7469-1632-6. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.William Bayne Fisher (1966). The Middle East: A Physical, Social and Regional Geography. Methuen. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peter M. M. G. Akkermans; Glenn M. Schwartz (8 January 2004). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC). Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-521-79666-8. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ofer Bar-Yosef; François Raymond Valla (1991). Natufian Culture in the Levant. Archaeological Series. Vol. 19. International Monographs in Prehistory. ISBN 978-1-879621-03-9. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bruce, Schroeder (1991). "Natufian in the Central Béqaa Valley, Lebanon". Natufian Culture in the Levant. Archaeological Series. Vol. 19. International Monographs in Prehistory. pp. 43–78. ISBN 9781879621039. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  9. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 145
  10. ^ FOX News, Syrian jets hit Lebanese territory near border, September 18, 2012.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Daily Star (Lebanon), Lebanese president praises Army response to FSA attack, September 23, 2012". Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
  12. ^ Rebeldes sirios atacan un puesto del Ejército en territorio de Líbano, CNN Espanol, Alkhshali Hamdi, Amir Ahmed, Mohammed Tawfeeq, Ben Brumfield and Joe Sterling, 22 September 2012.
  13. ^ al-Fakih, Rakan., The Daily Star (Lebanon), Refugee children overwhelm Bekaa schools, September 19, 2012.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."At least two soldiers killed in east Lebanon ambush". The Daily Star. Lebanon.
  15. ^ The Daily Star (Lebanon). 4/1/16 p.3. Nidal Soth.
  16. ^ [1] Daily Star 31/1/16
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bassam, Laila; Perry, Tom (21 July 2017). "Hezbollah, Syria army launch offensive at Syrian-Lebanese border". Reuters. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Forced To Demolish Their Own Homes, Syrian Refugees In Lebanon Seek New Shelter". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Lebanon troops demolish Syrian refugee homes as deadline expires". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  20. ^ https://lub-anan.com/المحافظات/البقاع/بعلبك/عرسال/المذاهب/

Bibliography

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