Asplenium trichomanes
| Script error: No such module "Automated taxobox". | |
|---|---|
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
| Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes, Langaara, Oslo Fjord, Norway | |
Script error: No such module "Conservation status".
| |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Script error: No such module "Taxobox ranks".: | <div style="display:inline" class="script error: no such module "taxobox ranks".">Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics |
| Binomial name | |
| Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics | |
| Infraspecific taxa | |
|
See text | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. | |
Page Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css has no content.Template:Taxonbar/candidateTemplate:Speciesbox/parameterCheckScript error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Asplenium trichomanes, the maidenhair spleenwort (not to be confused with the similarly-named but very different maidenhair fern),[2] is a small fern in the spleenwort genus Asplenium. It is a widespread and common species, occurring almost worldwide in a variety of rocky habitats. It is a variable fern with several subspecies.
The specific epithet trichomanes refers to a Greek word for fern.[3]
Description
Asplenium trichomanes is a small plant forming tufts between Template:Cvt tall, arising from a short, scaly rhizome. The scales are dark and the evergreen fronds are long and narrow, gradually tapering towards the tip. They are simply divided into small, yellow-green to dark-green, roundish leaflets or pinnae. The stipe and rachis of the frond are dark all along their length. The fronds can reach Template:Cvt in length but are more commonly between Template:Cvt. The indusia are linear to oval, straight, and attached to the upper-side of the fertile vein. There are usually four to eight sori per pinna, and each may be up to Template:Cvt long. The diploid (2n) chromosome count is 72.[4][5] It is known to display foliage motion; in this regard it resembles the unrelated Codariocalyx motorius though this has its leaflets in motion much of the time.[6][7]
Distribution and habitat
It is widespread in temperate and subarctic areas and also occurs in mountainous regions in the tropics. Its range includes most of Europe and much of Asia south to Turkey, Iran and the Himalayas with a population in Yemen. It occurs in northern, southern and parts of eastern Africa and also in eastern Indonesia, south-east Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Hawaii. It is found in North America and Central America and Cuba, and the northern and western regions of South America such as Chile. Even though its range is wide spread, it is often rare, and populations are widely spread out from each other based on the availability of suitable habitat.[4]
It grows in rocky habitats such as cliffs, scree slopes, walls and mine waste, the type of rock used as a substrate depending on the subspecies. It grows from sea-level up to 3000 metres in North America while in the British Isles it reaches 870 metres.
In the US state of Minnesota A. trichomanes is listed as a threatened species. It occurs on ledges and in crevices on moist, east-facing cliffs and occasionally on talus with similar conditions. The Minnesota populations are Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes.[4]
Taxonomy
Linnaeus was the first to describe maidenhair spleenwort with the binomial Asplenium trichomanes in his Species Plantarum of 1753.[8]
Asplenium trichomanes has diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes, which it has been argued should be recognised as distinct species. A triploid cytotype (a sterile hybrid between the diploid and tetraploid cytotype) is also known. Within these cytotypes several subspecies are recognised. Plants of the World Online accepts 20 infraspecific subdivisions as of February 2025[update].[9] These include:
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes prefers acidic rocks such as sandstone, basalt and granite. In Europe and North America it is most often found in mountainous areas and is commonest in the north. It is a delicate plant with a slender stipe and rachis and relatively few pinnae. Diploid.
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Mey. prefers calcareous rocks such as limestone and dolomite and often grows on the mortar in walls. It is commoner than A. t. subsp. trichomanes in much of Europe but is less widespread in North America, although it is present in southern North America where ssp. trichomanes is absent. Compared to the nominate subspecies it is stouter and has more pinnae which are more square in shape and have less of a stalk. The fronds tend to grow close to the rock while those of A. t. subsp. trichomanes tend to arch away. Tetraploid.
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis (Christ) Lovis & Reichst. (syn. Asplenium csikii) is mainly found on limestone rocks and walls. It is small and delicate, grows close to the rock and has a rigid, fragile stipe and rachis. Tetraploid.
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. coriaceifolium Rasbach, K.Rasbach, Reichst. & Bennert (syn. Asplenium azomanes): Majorca, Spain, Morocco. Tetraploid.
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. densum (Brack.) W.H.Wagner – Hawaiian Islands
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. hastatum (Christ) S.Jess.. Tetraploid.
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. humistratum (Ching) Fraser-Jenk.
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. inexpectans Lovis. Diploid.
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. kulumyssiense Stepanov
- Asplenium trichomanes subsp. maderense Gibby & Lovis. Madeira, Azores. Hexaploid. Hexaploids also occur in Australia and New Zealand.
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. barraraense Rasbach, K.Rasbach, Reichst. & Bennert. Tetraploid (coraceifolium × quadrivalens) – Balearic Islands
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. lovisianum. Tetraploid (hastatum × quadrivalens).
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. lucanum Cubas, Rosselló & Pangua – Balearic Islands
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. lusaticum (D.E.Mey.) Lawalrée. Triploid (trichomanes × quadrivalens).
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. malacitense Rasbach, K.Rasbach, Reichst. & Bennert. Triploid (coraceifolium × inexpectans).
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. melzeri Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst.. Triploid (quadrivalens × inexpectans).
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. melzerianum S.Jess.. Triploid (hastatum × inexpectans).
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. moravicum S.Jess.. Tetraploid (hastatum × pachyrachis).
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. staufferi Lovis & Reichst.. Tetraploid (pachyrachis × quadrivalens).
- Asplenium trichomanes nothosubsp. tadei-reichsteinii S.Jess.. Triploid (pachyrachis × inexpectans).
Cultivation
Asplenium trichomanes is valued in cultivation for its hardiness (down to −20 °C (−4 °F)), its evergreen foliage and its ability to colonise crevices in stone walls. It prefers a fully or partially shaded aspect. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[10]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Template:Cite NatureServe
- ^ Template:BSBI 2007
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988). Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna. U of Minnesota Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8166-1689-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Asplenium trichomanes L." www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray, Asa; Loomis, Alfred (March 1880). "Automatic Movements in the Fronds...etc". Botanical Gazette. 5 (3): 27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gray, Asa; Loomis, Alfred (April 1880). "Automatic Movements in the Fronds...etc". Botanical Gazette. 5 (4): 43. issue 4 (April 1880) page 43
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. II (1st ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1080.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Asplenium trichomanes L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder - Asplenium trichomanes". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- Flora of North America. Asplenium trichomanes. Accessed 13 August 2008.
- Hutchinson, G. (1996) Welsh Ferns, National Museums and Galleries of Wales.
- Page C. N. (1982) The Ferns of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press.
- Preston, C. D. & Pearman, D. A. (2002) New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, Oxford University Press.
- Stace, Clive A. (1997) New Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge University Press.
- Tutin, T. G. et al. (1964) Flora Europaea, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.
External links
Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Taxonbar".
