Badaga language

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Badaga
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Native toIndia
RegionTamil Nadu (The Nilgiris)
EthnicityBadaga
Native speakers
134,000 (2011 census)Template:Ethnologue24 does not exist
Tamil, Kannada, Badaga
Language codes
ISO 639-3bfq
Glottologbada1257
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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Badaga (Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a southern Dravidian language spoken by the Badaga people of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. The language is closely related to the Kannada language with influence from the Tamil language.[1] Of all the tribal languages spoken in Nilgiris (Badaga, Toda language, Kota language (India)), Badaga is the most spoken language.

Origins

Badaga, like modern Kannada, likely originates from Old Kannada. This is suggested by the fact that Badaga shares many common features with modern Kannada. One such feature shared by both Badaga and Kannada is initial Script error: No such module "IPA". where other Dravidian languages, and Old Kannada, have an initial Script error: No such module "IPA"., a process which began around the 13th century.[2]

Phonology

Badaga has five vowel qualities, Script error: No such module "IPA"., where each of them may be long or short, and until the 1930s they were contrastively half and fully retroflexed, for a total of 30 vowel phonemes.[a] Current speakers only distinguish retroflection of a few vowels.[3]

Example words[4]
IPA Gloss
Script error: No such module "IPA". disease
Script error: No such module "IPA". scar
Script error: No such module "IPA". sprout
Script error: No such module "IPA". tiger's den
Script error: No such module "IPA". to spread out
Script error: No such module "IPA". to remove
Script error: No such module "IPA". seven
Script error: No such module "IPA". tamarind
Script error: No such module "IPA". bangle
Script error: No such module "IPA". banana
Script error: No such module "IPA". to strike
Script error: No such module "IPA". chisel

Note on transcription: rhoticity Template:Angbr IPA indicates half-retroflexion; doubled Template:Angbr IPA it indicates full retroflexion.

Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t ʈ c k
voiced b d ɖ ɟ ɡ
Fricative s h
Approximant ʋ l ɻ j
Trill r

Writing system

Several attempts have been made at constructing an orthography based on English, Kannada and Tamil. The earliest printed book using Kannada script was a Christian work, "Anga Kartagibba Yesu Kristana Olleya Suddiya Pustaka" by Basel Mission Press of Mangaluru in 1890.[5]

File:Badaga script- Vowels and Consonants (jeeva Swara and Dheha Swara).jpg
Use of vowels and consonants of Tamil-Kannada script to create Badaga script
File:Badaga script- Jeevadhehagalu.jpg
Use of Tamil-Kannada script to create Badaga script

Badaga can also be written in the Kannada script and Tamil script.

Linguistic documentation

Badaga has been studied and documented by linguists. Several Badaga-English Dictionaries have been produced since the latter part of the nineteenth century.[6]

A collection of proverbs and other traditional sayings of the Badaga has been collated and edited by Paul Hockings.[7] It is the result of the work of many people, collecting material over many decades.

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hockings, Paul (2004), "Badaga", in Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin (eds.), Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World’s Cultures Volume I: Topics Volume II: Cultures, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 572–578, doi:10.1007/0-387-29905-x_57, ISBN 978-0-387-29905-1
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Emeneau, M. B. (1939). "The Vowels of the Badaga Language". Language. 15 (1): 43–47. doi:10.2307/409407. JSTOR 409407. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Badaga". UCLA Phonetics Lab. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Word List for Badaga". UCLA Phonetics Lab. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Gospel of Luke in Badaga (PDF). Basel: Basel Mission Press. 1890.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Paul Hockings, Christiane Pilot-Raichoor (1992). A Badaga-English Dictionary (Reprint ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-012677-8.
  7. ^ Hockings, Paul. "Counsel from the Ancients." A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens and curses. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter (1988).

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  1. ^ Emenau (1931) reports no tokens of Script error: No such module "IPA"., but suggests this is an accidental gap.

Relevant literature

  • Hockings, Paul. Counsel from the ancients: A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens, and curses. Mouton de Gruyter, 1988. Archive.org
  • Hockings, Paul, and Christiane Pilot-Raichoor. A Badaga and English dictionary — glossary and gazetteer. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2023. [ISBN 978-93-91928-17-9]

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Badaga language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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